Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are the most promising power source for pure electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) due to the batteries’ high specific energy, low self-discharge rate, low weight, long lifecycle, and no memory effect. The enormous heat generation, however, limits the performance and even causes safety problems. Thermal control of the battery cells remains a challenging issue although much research has been conducted on this topic. In this study, a three-dimensional analysis of Li-ion battery cells and a 6s4p (6 serial and 4 parallel batteries in a stage) battery pack consisting of 24 prismatic batteries was performed using a multi-domain modeling framework. The well-known Newman, Tiedemann, Gu, and Kim (NTGK) model was used for subscale electrochemical modeling and the problem of heat generation due to electrical resistance, electrochemical reactions, and temperature was solved in the cell domain. The temperature evolutions at a high discharge rate and during external shorting were obtained. Strategies for modifying the cooling water states or designing cold plates with special channels to release the generated heat were proposed. It was found that although the temperature of the running battery increased quickly to 80 °C, which could trigger a thermal runaway, the cell temperature and temperature gradients were maintained at a tolerable level at a suitable coolant inlet velocity and temperature, even at a 5C discharge rate and under external shorting conditions. For a large-scale battery pack, the heat generated by the Li-ion cells accumulates inside the module, which poses a high risk of thermal runaway. The cold water flowed into the center of the battery pack through channels and the predicted maximum cell temperature and maximum temperature difference in the pack were maintained below 40 °C and 5 °C respectively at a 5C discharge rate.

锂离子（Li-ion）电池是高纯能源，低自放电率，重量轻，使用寿命长的纯电动汽车（EV）和混合电动汽车（HEV）的最有前途的动力，而且没有记忆效应。但是，巨大的热量会限制性能，甚至会导致安全问题。尽管已经对该主题进行了大量研究，但是电池单元的热控制仍然是一个具有挑战性的问题。在这项研究中，使用多域建模框架对锂离子电池单元和一个由24个方形电池组成的6s4p（一个阶段中有6个串联和4个并联电池）电池组进行了三维分析。著名的纽曼·提德曼·古 Kim（NTGK）模型用于亚尺度电化学建模，并解决了在电池域中由于电阻，电化学反应和温度引起的发热问题。获得了高放电速率和外部短路期间的温度变化。提出了修改冷却水状态或设计带有特殊通道以释放产生的热量的冷板的策略。结果发现，尽管运行中的电池温度迅速升高至80°C，这可能会引发热失控，但即使在5C的冷却液入口速度和温度下，电池温度和温度梯度也可以维持在可容忍的水平。放电速率和外部短路条件下。对于大型电池组，锂离子电池产生的热量积聚在模块内部，这会造成热失控的高风险。冷水通过通道流入电池组的中心，在5C的放电速率下，电池组中预计的最高电池温度和最大温差分别保持在40°C和5°C以下。