Autophagy is characterized by the formation of double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes, which deliver bulk cytoplasmic material to the lytic compartment of the cell for degradation. Autophagosome formation is initiated by assembly and recruitment of the core autophagy machinery to distinct cellular sites, referred to as phagophore assembly sites (PAS) in yeast or autophagosome formation sites in other organisms. A large number of autophagy proteins involved in the formation of autophagosomes has been identified; however, how the individual components of the PAS are assembled and how they function to generate autophagosomes remains a fundamental question. Here, we highlight recent studies that provide molecular insights into PAS organization and the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole in autophagosome formation.

中文翻译：

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自噬体形成在不同的细胞结构上。

自噬的特征是形成了称为自噬体的双膜囊泡，该囊泡将大量的细胞质物质输送到细胞的溶解区进行降解。自噬体的形成是通过将核心自噬机制装配并募集到不同的细胞位点开始的，这些位点被称为酵母中的噬菌体装配位点（PAS）或其他生物体中的自噬体形成位点。已经鉴定出许多与自噬体形成有关的自噬蛋白。然而，PAS的各个组成部分如何组装以及它们如何产生自噬体仍然是一个基本问题。在这里，我们重点介绍了最近的研究，这些研究提供了分子对PAS组织以及内质网和液泡在自噬小体形成中的作用的见解。