Drug resistance is worldwide health care crisis which decrease drug efficacy and developing toxicities. Effective resistance detection techniques could alleviate treatment cost and mortality associated with this crisis. In this review, the conventional and modern analysis methods for monitoring of drug resistance are presented. Also, various types of emerging rapid and sensitive techniques including electrochemical, electrical, optical and nano-based methods for the screening of drug resistance were discussed. Applications of various methods for the sensitive and rapid detection of drug resistance are investigated. The review outlines existing key issues in the determination which must be overcome before any of these techniques becomes a feasible method for the rapid detection of drug resistance. In this review, the roles of nanomaterials on development of novel methods for the monitoring of drug resistance were presented. Also, limitations and challenges of conventional and modern methods were discussed.

中文翻译：

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监测降低药物化合物毒性的耐药性：过去，现在和将来。

耐药性是世界范围内的卫生保健危机，它降低了药物功效并发展了毒性。有效的抗药性检测技术可以减轻与此危机相关的治疗成本和死亡率。在这篇综述中，介绍了用于监测耐药性的常规和现代分析方法。此外，还讨论了各种新兴的快速灵敏技术，包括用于筛选耐药性的电化学，电，光学和纳米方法。研究了各种方法在灵敏和快速检测耐药性中的应用。审查概述了确定中存在的关键问题，在这些技术中的任何一种成为快速检测耐药性的可行方法之前，必须克服这些关键问题。在这篇评论中 介绍了纳米材料在监测耐药性新方法方面的作用。此外，还讨论了传统方法和现代方法的局限性和挑战。