Although previous studies have explored predictors of Congestion Charging (CC) acceptability and acceptance, there is no study investigating the rule-breaking behaviour towards a CC scheme. The current study thus examined the effects of a wide range of attitudinal factors as well as demographic, socioeconomic, built environment and travel-related characteristics on rule-breaking/following behaviour towards an ongoing CC scheme. Our major contribution to the state of the art is threefold: (a) we reveal the extent to which citizens break the rule of an active scheme and illegally drive through the CC area, (b) we simultaneously test the relative roles of several latent attitudinal and observed variables in the type of rule-breaking/following conduct in an integrated framework through developing a hybrid choice model, and (c) we empirically investigate how and to what extent the level of legitimacy of an active CC scheme appears in a city in the Middle East context, where politicians have neglected the direct participation of public via referendum voting in the policy process behind the introduction of the CC. A sample of car users was recruited during February and March 2019 in Tehran. A cross-sectional design using a self-report questionnaire survey was conducted. Out of 622 citizens participated in this study, 595 valid observations were used for analysis. Our findings showed significant difference between predictors for those frequently (mono-rule breakers) broke and those who rarely or occasionally (multi rule-breakers) broke the rule of CC. The finding also revealed that latent attitudinal factors could have greater impacts on rule-breaking behaviour than observed variables. Lack of trust in government concerning final use of CC revenues and a lower perceived effectiveness of the CC had the strongest influence on the probability of violating the CC rule. We suggested both short and long-term policies to deal with the issues of legitimacy and survival of the CC scheme. With regard to short-term policy, using media and social networks, the issue of complexity and lack of information about the charging system need to be well-addressed. Considering long-term policy, entrusting management system from governmental authorities to a private system as well as launching environmental campaigns could increase the public trust and effectiveness of the CC scheme, respectively.

尽管先前的研究已经探索了拥挤收费（CC）可接受性和可接受性的预测因素，但是还没有研究调查违反CC计划的行为的研究。因此，当前的研究检查了各种态度因素以及人口，社会经济，建筑环境和与旅行相关的特征对正在进行的CC计划的违反/遵循行为的影响。我们对最新技术的主要贡献是三方面的：（a）我们揭示公民在多大程度上违反了一项积极计划的规则并非法开车穿过CC地区，（b）我们同时测试了几种潜在态度的相对作用通过开发混合选择模型，在综合框架中观察到违反规则/遵循行为类型的变量，（c）我们通过经验调查积极的CC计划在中东背景下的城市中如何以及在何种程度上显示出合法性，在这个城市中，政治人物们忽略了公民投票通过全民投票直接参与了引入该政策的政策过程CC。2019年2月至3月在德黑兰招募了一个汽车使用者样本。使用自我报告问卷调查进行了横断面设计。在参加这项研究的622名市民中，有595项有效观察结果用于分析。我们的研究结果表明，对于那些频繁发生的事件（单规则破坏者）和那些很少或偶尔发生的事件（多规则破坏者），预测变量之间存在显着差异。该发现还表明，潜在的态度因素可能比观察到的变量对违反规则行为的影响更大。对政府最终使用CC收入缺乏信任，以及CC的感知效率较低，对违反CC规则的可能性的影响最大。我们建议使用短期和长期政策来应对CC计划的合法性和生存性问题。关于使用媒体和社交网络的短期政策，需要解决复杂性和有关收费系统信息不足的问题。考虑到长期政策，将政府机构的管理系统委托给私人系统以及开展环保运动可以分别提高公众对CC计划的信任和有效性。对政府最终使用CC收入缺乏信任，以及CC的感知效率较低，对违反CC规则的可能性的影响最大。我们建议使用短期和长期政策来应对CC计划的合法性和生存性问题。关于使用媒体和社交网络的短期政策，需要解决复杂性和有关收费系统信息不足的问题。考虑到长期政策，将政府机构的管理系统委托给私人系统以及开展环保运动可以分别提高公众对CC计划的信任和有效性。对政府最终使用CC收入缺乏信任，以及CC的感知效率较低，对违反CC规则的可能性的影响最大。我们建议使用短期和长期政策来应对CC计划的合法性和生存性问题。关于使用媒体和社交网络的短期政策，需要很好地解决复杂性和关于收费系统的信息不足的问题。考虑到长期政策，将政府机构的管理系统委托给私人机构以及开展环保运动可以分别提高公众对CC计划的信任和有效性。