Hydrocarbons have been the primary resource of the energy of civilizations for hundreds of years historically and still play a vital role in accomplishing the daily life occupations in every sector. With the upcoming dramatic rate increase of the human population reaching 9.8 billion by 2030, the latter requires an uprising supply of goods and services that can be achieved through the increased rate production of gas and oil globally. Nanotechnology is a General-Purpose Technology (GPT) that can fulfill the needs of humanity in every industry sector with its unique properties of a scale range between 1 and 100 nm and high surface area, adsorption potential and heat conductivity. Therefore, nanoscale materials can impressively make major advancements in the upstream and downstream sectors of the gas and oil industry.

In this study, the properties and mechanisms of modifying the different nanomaterials are manifested which can be used in different segments of the petroleum industry, such as exploration, reservoir engineering, enhanced oil recovery, drilling technology and refining processes. Our aim in this work is to provide a detailed elaboration on the drilling technology including the application of nanomaterials as additives in drilling mud for manipulating the rheological properties, pH and treat the fluid loss, such as iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), silica dioxide (SiO2), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT), and polymerized acrylamide monomer with the presence of TiO₂. Moreover, the application of these nanomaterials in cementing and drilling tools such as pipes and bits are covered. Pipes are coated with MoS₂ nanoparticles. Drill bits can be modified and kept safe in harsh conditions by Al₂O₃-TiO₂ nanoceramics powder. Consequently, nanotechnology is considered as a promising field that can meet the demands with great potential and satisfying results.

数百年来，碳氢化合物一直是文明能源的主要资源，并且在完成各个部门的日常生活中仍然发挥着至关重要的作用。随着即将到来的人口急剧增长，到2030年将达到98亿，后者需要提高商品和服务的供应量，而这可以通过提高全球天然气和石油的生产率来实现。纳米技术是一种通用技术（GPT），其独特的性能范围在1到100 nm之间，具有高表面积，吸附潜力和导热性，可以满足每个行业的人类需求。因此，纳米材料可以在天然气和石油工业的上游和下游领域取得令人瞩目的重大进步。

在这项研究中，表明了改性不同纳米材料的特性和机理，这些特性和机理可用于石油工业的不同领域，例如勘探，油藏工程，提高的石油采收率，钻井技术和精炼工艺。我们在这项工作中的目的是详细阐述钻井技术，包括在钻井泥浆中应用纳米材料作为添加剂来控制流变性质，pH值和处理流体损失，例如氧化铁（Fe ₂ O ₃），二氧化硅TiO ₂存在下的二氧化碳（SiO2），多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）和聚合的丙烯酰胺单体。此外，还涵盖了这些纳米材料在固井和钻井工具（例如管道和钻头）中的应用。管道涂有MoS ₂纳米颗粒。Al ₂ O ₃ -TiO ₂纳米陶瓷粉末可以修饰钻头并在恶劣条件下保持安全。因此，纳米技术被认为是可以满足具有巨大潜力和令人满意的结果需求的有前途的领域。