Abstract How different forms of agriculture support different bee taxa through the provision of different floral and nesting resources is largely unknown. Recent studies have found wild bees that are associated with agriculture tend to nest in soil, rather than vegetation, and so are thought to be adapted to open environments where perennial woody vegetation is sparse. However, these studies do not usually distinguish different forms of agriculture, such as open pasture versus perennial woody crops. It is possible that bees that nest in wood or stems might be tolerant of agriculture with perennial woody crops, but this idea has not been tested in landscape studies. We describe foraging preferences and land cover associations of wild bees in southeast Australia to ask: Do perennial woody crops support bees that nest in wood or stems (above ground-nesting bees), while pasture supports soil-nesting (below ground-nesting) bees? We sampled bee communities using blue vane traps and flower visitor observations at 14 sites that varied in cover of remnant forest, perennial woody crops, and pasture. We found that soil-nesting bees were positively associated with pasture cover in the landscape, except for bee taxa that rarely visited crops or agricultural weeds. Above ground-nesting bees were positively associated with forest, but not with perennial woody crop cover, despite frequently visiting flowers on these crops. Our results suggest conversion of native forest to open agriculture favours soil-nesting bee taxa that forage on crops and weeds, while restricting bee taxa that depend on forests for nesting or floral resources.

中文翻译：

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澳大利亚东南部农业区地上和地下筑巢本地蜜蜂的花卉访问和土地覆盖协会

摘要 不同形式的农业如何通过提供不同的花卉和筑巢资源来支持不同的蜜蜂分类群在很大程度上是未知的。最近的研究发现，与农业有关的野生蜜蜂往往在土壤中筑巢，而不是在植被中筑巢，因此被认为适应多年生木本植被稀少的开放环境。然而，这些研究通常不会区分不同形式的农业，例如开放式牧场与多年生木本作物。在木头或茎上筑巢的蜜蜂可能对多年生木本作物的农业具有耐受性，但这种想法尚未在景观研究中得到验证。我们描述了澳大利亚东南部野生蜜蜂的觅食偏好和土地覆盖协会，以询问：多年生木本作物是否支持在木头或茎中筑巢的蜜蜂（在地面筑巢的蜜蜂上方），而牧场是否支持在土壤中筑巢的（在地面筑巢的）蜜蜂？我们在 14 个地点使用蓝叶捕集器和花卉访客观察对蜜蜂群落进行了采样，这些地点的残余森林、多年生木本作物和牧场的覆盖范围各不相同。我们发现土壤筑巢蜜蜂与景观中的牧场覆盖呈正相关，除了很少访问农作物或农业杂草的蜜蜂分类群。地上筑巢的蜜蜂与森林呈正相关，但与多年生木本作物覆盖率无关，尽管经常在这些作物上探花。我们的研究结果表明，将原生森林转化为开放式农业有利于土壤筑巢的蜜蜂类群，它们以农作物和杂草为食，