Abstract Making agriculture more sustainable requires a greater understanding of animal-mediated ecosystem services. The beneficial effects of pest-control and pollination provided by, respectively, insectivorous birds and pollinator insects are essential for many crops. Improving these ecosystem services simultaneously in the same crop system means, first, identifying the drivers of animal biodiversity that operate in agricultural landscapes, and second, revealing the relationships between biodiversity and the two services. Here, for two years, we addressed how landscape and small-scale orchard features affected bird and insect biodiversity (abundance and species richness) in cider apple orchards in northern Spain. We examined the effects of bird and insect biodiversity on the magnitude of, respectively, insectivory and pollination. Bird biodiversity was positively affected by the cover of apple canopy within orchards, whereas that of pollinators responded positively to the cover of semi-natural woody habitats and eucalyptus plantations in the surrounding landscape, and also on the level of bloom at the orchard scale. Insectivory, estimated from sentinel model and exclusion experiments, was positively affected by increased abundance and richness of birds across orchards. Similarly, fruit set responded positively to higher abundance and richness of wild bees, whereas seed set mostly depended on the abundance of wild pollinators. Our findings suggest simultaneous positive effects of animal biodiversity on pest-control and pollination in apple orchards, with no sign of trade-offs between biodiversity groups or between ecosystem functions. A multi-scaled management of orchard-level features (apple canopies and surrounding hedgerows for birds, and apple bloom and ground cover for pollinators) and landscape-level ones (surrounding cover of semi-natural woody habitats, moderate for birds, high for pollinators) is encouraged for the simultaneous enhancement of pest-control and pollination. Biodiversity-farming win-win scenarios are possible in cider apple orchards by simultaneously promoting multiple animal-mediated ecosystem services.

中文翻译：

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苹果园中的动物生物多样性：同时发生的环境驱动因素和对食虫和授粉的影响

摘要 使农业更具可持续性需要对动物介导的生态系统服务有更深入的了解。食虫鸟类和传粉昆虫分别提供的害虫控制和授粉的有益效果对许多作物来说是必不可少的。在同一作物系统中同时改善这些生态系统服务意味着，首先，确定在农业景观中运作的动物生物多样性的驱动因素，其次，揭示生物多样性与这两种服务之间的关系。两年来，我们探讨了景观和小规模果园特征如何影响西班牙北部苹果酒园的鸟类和昆虫生物多样性（丰富度和物种丰富度）。我们分别研究了鸟类和昆虫生物多样性对食虫和授粉量的影响。鸟类生物多样性受到果园内苹果树冠覆盖的积极影响，而传粉媒介对周围景观中半天然木本栖息地和桉树种植园的覆盖以及果园规模的开花水平做出积极响应。根据哨兵模型和排除实验估计，食虫受到果园鸟类数量和丰富度增加的积极影响。同样，坐果对野生蜜蜂的丰度和丰富度有积极的反应，而结实主要取决于野生传粉媒介的丰度。我们的研究结果表明，动物生物多样性同时对苹果园的害虫控制和授粉产生积极影响，没有迹象表明生物多样性群体之间或生态系统功能之间存在权衡。果园级特征的多尺度管理（鸟类的苹果树冠和周围的树篱，传粉者的苹果花和地面覆盖物）和景观级的特征（半天然木质栖息地的周围覆盖，鸟类适中，传粉者高)鼓励同时加强病虫害防治和授粉。通过同时促进多种动物介导的生态系统服务，在苹果酒园中可以实现生物多样性-农业双赢的场景。