Abstract Mediterranean agriculture has coevolved with harsh environments and changing climate conditions over millennia, generating an extremely rich heritage of traditional knowledge; however, it is particularly threatened by climate change, including a higher than average warming and more frequent extreme climate events. The vulnerability is enhanced by the other components of global change affecting the Mediterranean basin, including biodiversity loss, freshwater overuse, disrupted nutrient cycles, soil degradation and altered fire regimes, in a context of high population density, water scarcity, high dependence on biomass and energy imports, and the prevalence of highly specialized, low diversity agroecosystems. Due to the need to create resilience to these interconnected threats, systemic adaptation measures are urgently needed. This review shows that this systemic approach can be provided by agroecology, which offers a holistic framework enabling the recovery and assessment of traditional knowledge and the cocreation of new local knowledge for enhancing resilience. It also highlights the role of the reconnection of food production and consumption, associated with the recovery of the locally-adapted, largely plant-based Mediterranean diet. Three types of complementary adaptation strategies for crop production are identified: (i) Biodiversity management to spread out risks and reduce pest damage; (ii) Increasing soil organic matter, e.g. with cover crops or crop varieties with higher residue and root production; (iii) Reducing fossil fuel dependence by avoiding synthetic chemicals, increasing efficiency and using renewable energy. Livestock adaptation strategies identified include: (i) management of extensive herds, including practices such as transhumance; (ii) diversification, use of local breeds and change of species; (iii) pasture and forage management, focusing on adjusting stocking rates to prevent abandonment and intensification, agroforestry, and fire management through grazing. Public policies must be set to tailor these strategies to each specific local situation with the involvement of all stakeholders and to establish or reinforce networks allowing knowledge exchange.

中文翻译：

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适应地中海地区气候变化和资源枯竭的农业生态学。回顾

摘要 几千年来，地中海农业与恶劣的环境和不断变化的气候条件共同进化，产生了极其丰富的传统知识遗产；然而，它尤其受到气候变化的威胁，包括高于平均水平的变暖和更频繁的极端气候事件。在人口密度高、缺水、高度依赖生物量和生物量的背景下，影响地中海盆地的全球变化的其他组成部分加剧了脆弱性，包括生物多样性丧失、淡水过度使用、营养循环中断、土壤退化和火灾状况改变。能源进口，以及高度专业化、多样性低的农业生态系统的盛行。由于需要为这些相互关联的威胁建立弹性，因此迫切需要系统性的适应措施。本综述表明，生态农业可以提供这种系统方法，它提供了一个整体框架，能够恢复和评估传统知识，并共同创造新的地方知识以增强复原力。它还强调了重新连接粮食生产和消费的作用，这与适应当地的、主要以植物为基础的地中海饮食的恢复有关。确定了作物生产的三类互补适应战略： (i) 生物多样性管理，以分散风险和减少虫害；(ii) 增加土壤有机质，例如覆盖作物或具有较高残留和根系产量的作物品种；(iii) 通过避免使用合成化学品、提高效率和使用可再生能源来减少对化石燃料的依赖。确定的牲畜适应战略包括：(i) 管理大量畜群，包括迁徙等做法；(ii) 多样化、使用当地品种和改变物种；(iii) 牧场和牧草管理，重点是调整放养率以防止遗弃和集约化、农林业和通过放牧进行火灾管理。必须制定公共政策，在所有利益相关者的参与下，根据每个具体的当地情况制定这些战略，并建立或加强允许知识交流的网络。和通过放牧进行火灾管理。必须制定公共政策，在所有利益相关者的参与下，根据每个具体的当地情况制定这些战略，并建立或加强允许知识交流的网络。和通过放牧进行火灾管理。必须制定公共政策，在所有利益相关者的参与下，根据每个具体的当地情况制定这些战略，并建立或加强允许知识交流的网络。