Being dependent on fossil fuels, Indonesia faces challenges in incorporating renewables into its energy supply, which hampers to achieve the NDC target of 26% emission reduction. We investigate how biogas could contribute to a low-carbon transition pathway as cooking fuel, especially through the national mid-term development planning. Using mixed-methods and stakeholder engagement, we conducted transdisciplinary research to advance knowledge on biogas in Indonesia. We used Q-methodology to explore the ambiguity around biogas developments leading us to identify three “perspectives” regarding value on biogas: technology, co-benefits, and independence. Quantitative research using the E3ME model identified economic benefits of biogas, but also an increase in LPG use due to unstable feedstock availability (hence intermittent biogas production), which could cause a potential increase of national CO₂ emissions. Those and other barriers including ill-adapted technology to local conditions and barriers to financing installations require sound policies to be overcome, focusing on co-benefits of biogas.

印尼依赖化石燃料，在将可再生能源纳入其能源供应方面面临挑战，这阻碍了实现国家自主贡献计划将排放量减少26％的目标。我们研究了沼气如何作为烹饪燃料促进低碳过渡途径的发展，特别是通过国家中期发展计划。利用混合方法和利益相关者的参与，我们进行了跨学科研究，以提高印尼沼气的知识。我们使用Q方法论来探讨围绕沼气发展的歧义，从而使我们确定了关于沼气价值的三个“观点”：技术，共同利益和独立性。使用E3ME模型进行的定量研究确定了沼气的经济效益，但由于原料供应不稳定（因此沼气间歇性生产），LPG的使用也有所增加，₂排放。这些和其他障碍，包括因地制宜的技术不适应以及融资设施的障碍，需要克服健全的政策，重点是沼气的共同利益。