Abstract Phytosanitary irradiation treatment is used to control insects in fresh commodities so that the commodities can be safely exported to pest-free areas. The goal of phytosanitary irradiation is to prevent reproduction. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and controlled atmosphere (CA) storage creating a low oxygen environment are used to preserve the quality of fruits and vegetables. Low oxygen is known to be radioprotective in insects and other organisms. This raises the question of whether MAP or CA may reduce the efficacy of phytosanitary irradiation treatments. IPPC regulations prohibit the application of phytosanitary irradiation for fruits and vegetables under modified atmospheres. Studies used to support this restriction have typically used unrealistic conditions, particularly with the use of severe hypoxia or anoxia and short duration exposures after irradiation (≤2 h hold time under low oxygen). Results from these studies have been extrapolated to suggest phytosanitary irradiation may be compromised by MAP or CA. Although low oxygen radioprotection in insects has been demonstrated for various biological parameters such as adult emergence, flight ability, mating success, and fertility, to date no studies have shown that irradiation of insects at approved doses under modified atmospheres results in treatment failure, i.e., allows successful reproduction. Recent studies using commercially relevant conditions show that MAP may improve control due to the toxic effect of extended exposures to low O2 and high CO2 to insects. Regulatory restrictions on the use of MAP and CA during irradiation treatment should be reviewed and reconsidered. In the absence of data showing treatment failure due to modified atmospheres, current regulatory restrictions are not scientifically justified.

中文翻译：

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植物检疫辐照：气调包装或气调储存创造低氧环境是否会威胁处理效果？

摘要 植物检疫辐照处理用于控制新鲜商品中的昆虫，使商品可以安全地出口到非疫区。植物检疫辐照的目标是防止繁殖。气调包装 (MAP) 和气调 (CA) 储存创造了一个低氧环境，用于保持水果和蔬菜的质量。众所周知，低氧对昆虫和其他生物具有辐射防护作用。这就提出了 MAP 或 CA 是否会降低植物检疫辐照处理效果的问题。IPPC 法规禁止在气调条件下对水果和蔬菜进行植物检疫辐照。用于支持这种限制的研究通常使用不切实际的条件，特别是在使用严重缺氧或缺氧和辐照后短时间暴露（在低氧条件下保持时间≤2 小时）的情况下。这些研究的结果已被推断表明植物检疫辐照可能会受到 MAP 或 CA 的影响。虽然已经证明昆虫的低氧辐射防护对各种生物参数如成虫出现、飞行能力、交配成功和生育力，但迄今为止没有研究表明在改良气氛下以批准剂量照射昆虫会导致治疗失败，即，允许成功繁殖。最近使用商业相关条件的研究表明，由于长期接触低 O2 和高 CO2 对昆虫的毒性作用，MAP 可能会改善控制。应审查和重新考虑对放射治疗期间使用 MAP 和 CA 的监管限制。由于缺乏数据显示由于气调导致处理失败，目前的监管限制在科学上是不合理的。