In Arabidopsis, the aluminum (Al) exclusion mechanism is mainly facilitated by ALMT1-mediated malate exudation and MATE-mediated citrate releases from the root. Recently, we have demonstrated that coordinated functioning between an ALMT1-mediated Al exclusion mechanism, via exudation of malate from the root tip, and a NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism, via removal of Al from the root cell wall and subsequent root-to-shoot Al translocation, plays critical roles in achieving overall Al resistance. However, the genetic relationship between ALMT1 and NIP1;2 in these processes remained unclear. Through genetic and physiological analyses, we demonstrate that unlike ALMT1 and MATE, which function independently and additively, ALMT1 and NIP1;2 show an epistatic relationship in Al resistance. These results indicate that ALMT1 and NIP1;2 function in the same biochemical pathway, whereas ALMT1 and MATE in different ones. The establishment of the epistatic relationship and the coordinated functioning between the ALMT1 and NIP1;2-mediated exclusion and internal detoxification mechanisms are pivotal for achieving overall Al resistance in the non-accumulating Arabidopsis plant. We discuss and emphasize the indispensable roles of the root cell wall for the implementation of the Al exclusion mechanism and for the establishment of an epistatic relationship between the ALMT1-mediated exclusion mechanism and the NIP1;2-facilitated internal detoxification mechanism.

中文翻译：

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拟南芥对铝的抗性与内在解毒机制的排斥机制有关

在拟南芥中，铝（Al）的排除机制主要是由ALMT1介导的苹果酸分泌和MATE介导的柠檬酸盐从根部释放而促进的。最近，我们证明了ALMT1介导的Al排泄机制（通过从根尖渗出苹果酸）与NIP1; 2促进的内部排毒机制（通过从根细胞壁去除Al和随后的根除）之间的协调功能解决铝的易位问题，在实现铝的整体抵抗力方面起着至关重要的作用。但是，在这些过程中ALMT1和NIP1; 2之间的遗传关系仍然不清楚。通过遗传和生理分析，我们证明与ALMT1和MATE不同，ALMT1和MATE具有独立和累加的功能，ALMT1和NIP1; 2在铝抗性方面表现出上位性关系。这些结果表明ALMT1和NIP1；2在相同的生化途径中起作用，而ALMT1和MATE在不同的生化途径中起作用。上位性关系的建立以及ALMT1和NIP1; 2-介导的排斥和内部解毒机制之间的协调功能对于在非积累拟南芥植物中实现总体的铝抗性至关重要。我们讨论并强调了根细胞壁对于实施Al排斥机制以及在ALMT1介导的排斥机制与NIP1; 2-促进内部解毒机制之间建立上位关系的必不可少的作用。2介导的排斥和内部解毒机制对于在非积累拟南芥植物中实现整体抗铝性至关重要。我们讨论并强调了根细胞壁对于实施Al排斥机制以及在ALMT1介导的排斥机制与NIP1; 2-促进内部解毒机制之间建立上位关系的必不可少的作用。2介导的排斥和内部解毒机制对于在非积累拟南芥植物中实现整体抗铝性至关重要。我们讨论并强调了根细胞壁对于实施Al排斥机制以及在ALMT1介导的排斥机制与NIP1; 2-促进内部解毒机制之间建立上位关系的必不可少的作用。