Diverse physical systems are characterized by their response to small perturbations. Near thermodynamic equilibrium, the fluctuation-dissipation theorem provides a powerful theoretical and experimental tool to determine the nature of response by observing spontaneous equilibrium fluctuations. In this spirit, we derive here a collection of equalities and inequalities valid arbitrarily far from equilibrium that constrain the response of nonequilibrium steady states in terms of the strength of nonequilibrium driving. Our work opens new avenues for characterizing nonequilibrium response. As illustrations, we show how our results rationalize the energetic requirements of common biochemical motifs.

中文翻译：

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生化应用对非平衡响应的通用热力学界

各种物理系统的特征在于它们对微小扰动的响应。接近热力学平衡，波动耗散定理提供了一个强大的理论和实验工具，可以通过观察自发的平衡波动来确定响应的性质。本着这种精神，我们在这里导出了一个在均衡之外任意有效的等式和不等式的集合，就非平衡驱动的强度而言，它们限制了非平衡稳态的响应。我们的工作为表征非平衡响应开辟了新途径。作为说明，我们展示了我们的结果如何合理化常见生化基序的能量需求。