Interactions among terrestrial carnivores involve a complex interplay of competition, predation and facilitation via carrion provisioning, and these negative and positive pathways may be closely linked. Here, we developed an integrative framework and synthesized data from 256 studies of intraguild predation, scavenging, kleptoparisitism and resource availability to examine global patterns of suppression and facilitation. Large carnivores were responsible for one third of mesocarnivore mortality (n = 1,581 individuals), and intraguild mortality rates were superadditive, increasing from 10.6% to 25.5% in systems with two vs. three large carnivores. Scavenged ungulates comprised 30% of mesocarnivore diets, with larger mesocarnivores relying most heavily on carrion. Large carnivores provided 1,351 kg of carrion per individual per year to scavengers, and this subsidy decreased at higher latitudes. However, reliance on carrion by mesocarnivores remained high, and abundance correlations among sympatric carnivores were more negative in these stressful, high‐latitude systems. Carrion provisioning by large carnivores may therefore enhance suppression rather than benefiting mesocarnivores. These findings highlight the synergistic effects of scavenging and predation risk in structuring carnivore communities, suggesting that the ecosystem service of mesocarnivore suppression provided by large carnivores is strong and not easily replaced by humans.

中文翻译：

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有好处的敌人：整合陆生食肉动物之间的正面和负面互动

陆生食肉动物之间的相互作用涉及通过腐肉供应的竞争，掠食和促进的复杂相互作用，这些消极和积极的途径可能紧密相连。在这里，我们建立了一个综合框架，并结合了256项行会内捕食，清除，盗窃行为和资源可获得性的研究的数据，以研究抑制和促进的总体模式。大型食肉动物造成中食肉动物死亡率的三分之一（n = 1,581个个体），并且公会内死亡率是超加性的，在两个或三个大型食肉动物的系统中，公会内死亡率从10.6％增加到25.5％。清肠有蹄类动物占中食肉动物的饮食的30％，较大的中食肉动物主要依赖腐肉。大型食肉动物每年向拾荒者提供每人1,351千克的腐肉，在高纬度地区，补贴减少。然而，中生食肉动物对腐肉的依赖性仍然很高，在这些压力大，纬度高的系统中，同伴肉食动物之间的丰度相关性更加负相关。因此，大型食肉动物提供的腐肉可能会增强抑制作用，而不是使中食肉动物受益。这些发现突显了清除和捕食风险在构造食肉动物群落中的协同作用，