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Small-area methods for investigation of environment and health.
International Journal of Epidemiology ( IF 7.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-17 , DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyaa006
Frédéric B Piel 1, 2, 3 , Daniela Fecht 1, 2 , Susan Hodgson 1, 2 , Marta Blangiardo 1, 2 , M Toledano 2 , A L Hansell 1, 4 , Paul Elliott 1, 2, 3
Affiliation  

Small-area studies offer a powerful epidemiological approach to study disease patterns at the population level and assess health risks posed by environmental pollutants. They involve a public health investigation on a geographical scale (e.g. neighbourhood) with overlay of health, environmental, demographic and potential confounder data. Recent methodological advances, including Bayesian approaches, combined with fast-growing computational capabilities, permit more informative analyses than previously possible, including the incorporation of data at different scales, from satellites to individual-level survey information. Better data availability has widened the scope and utility of small-area studies, but has also led to greater complexity, including choice of optimal study area size and extent, duration of study periods, range of covariates and confounders to be considered and dealing with uncertainty. The availability of data from large, well-phenotyped cohorts such as UK Biobank enables the use of mixed-level study designs and the triangulation of evidence on environmental risks from small-area and individual-level studies, therefore improving causal inference, including use of linked biomarker and -omics data. As a result, there are now improved opportunities to investigate the impacts of environmental risk factors on human health, particularly for the surveillance and prevention of non-communicable diseases.

中文翻译:

小范围调查环境和健康的方法。

小区域研究提供了一种强大的流行病学方法,可以在人群水平上研究疾病模式并评估环境污染物带来的健康风险。它们涉及在地理范围(例如,社区)上进行的公共卫生调查,其中覆盖了健康,环境,人口统计学和潜在的混杂因素数据。包括贝叶斯方法在内的最新方法学进展与快速增长的计算能力相结合,比以往可能提供更多的信息分析,包括从卫星到个人级别的调查信息的不同尺度的数据合并。更好的数据可用性扩大了小区域研究的范围和实用性,但也导致了更大的复杂性,包括选择最佳研究区域的大小和范围,研究时间,要考虑和处理不确定性的协变量和混杂因素的范围。来自大型,表型明确的人群(例如UK Biobank)的数据可用性,使得可以使用混合水平的研究设计,以及对来自小区域和个体水平研究的环境风险的证据进行三角剖分,从而改善因果关系推断,包括使用链接的生物标志物和组学数据。结果,现在有更多的机会来调查环境危险因素对人类健康的影响,尤其是在监测和预防非传染性疾病方面。表现良好的表型人群(例如UK Biobank)可以使用混合水平的研究设计,以及对来自小区域和单个水平研究的环境风险的证据进行三角剖分,从而改善因果关系,包括使用链接的生物标志物和组学数据。结果,现在有更多的机会来调查环境危险因素对人类健康的影响,尤其是在监测和预防非传染性疾病方面。具有良好表型的队列,例如UK Biobank,可以使用混合水平的研究设计以及对来自小区域和个体水平研究的环境风险的证据进行三角剖分,从而改善因果关系,包括使用链接的生物标志物和组学数据。结果,现在有更多的机会来调查环境危险因素对人类健康的影响,尤其是在监测和预防非传染性疾病方面。
更新日期:2020-03-19
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