Pesticides are widely used in agriculture and their proven high toxicity makes the need of monitoring their presence in food imperative. A multi residue method is applied in apples samples (81) collected from the Greek market for the monitoring of 40 analytes. Pesticides levels were evaluated by gas and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry using a QuEChERs protocol. Risk for consumers was assessed by a newly developed methodology, employing the source related Hazard Quotient (HQs) and the adversity specific Hazard Index (HIA). The 84% of the apple's samples were positive for at least one pesticide, 21% for one pesticide, 55.6% for two to four pesticide residues and 7.4% for more than 4 pesticide residues. The most frequently detected compound was carbendazim (45.7%) followed by chlorpyrifos (44.4.0%). The mean detected concentration levels varied from 0.169 ppm (fluopyram) to 0.005 ppm (triazophos). 19 of the 40 investigated pesticides were not detected in any apple sample. For all individual pesticides, the source related Hazard Quotient (HQs) was <1 indicating no risk. HIA, resulting from the sum of all HQs was found HIA < 1 in nine out of ten toxicity groups, except to the neurotoxicity group, which presented HIA 2.258, indicating moderate risk.

中文翻译：

---

希腊市场苹果中杀虫剂和杀真菌剂的多残留分析。应用替代方法进行风险评估。

农药广泛用于农业，其高毒性已被证明必须监测其在食品中的存在。从希腊市场收集的苹果样品（81）中采用了多残留法，以监测40种分析物。使用QuEChERs方案通过气相色谱和液相色谱-质谱法评估农药水平。通过使用与源相关的危险商（HQ）和逆境特定的危险指数（HIA）的最新开发的方法来评估消费者的风险。苹果的84％样品中至少一种农药为阳性，一种农药为21％，2-4个农药残留为55.6％，超过4种农药残留为7.4％。最常检测到的化合物是多菌灵（45.7％），其次是毒死rif（44.4.0％）。检测到的平均浓度水平从0.169 ppm（氟吡草胺）到0.005 ppm（三唑磷）不等。在任何苹果样品中均未检出40种被调查农药中的19种。对于所有单独的农药，与源有关的危险商（HQs）<1，表明无危险。由所有HQ的总和得出的HIA在十个毒性组中的九个中发现HIA <1，神经毒性组除外，后者的HIA为2.258，表明中度风险。