Over the last decade, many researchers around the world have realized the importance for society of the many services provided by soils, and a significant body of research has been devoted to estimating them using various types of proxies or relying on models. However, the field has suffered so far from a complete lack of actual measurements with which to evaluate available estimation methods. In this context, the key objective of the present research was to obtain, for the first time, direct measurements of several services provided by soils. The experimental site at which the research was carried out is an agricultural field located southwest of Paris (France), which presents the unique advantage that is it artificially drained, and therefore allows accurate mass balances to be computed over time for rain water, nutrients, and herbicides applied to the soil. A detailed methodology is presented to extract, from these data, quantitative measurements of 3 provisioning services (supply of water to nearby stream, provision of food by supplying, respectively, water and nitrogen to wheat crop), and 3 regulating services (flood mitigation, and filtration of, respectively, nutrients and herbicides). The results obtained with this methodology, and the relative significance of the different services are discussed. In particular, it is shown that, given the industrial-type of agriculture practiced at the site and its heavy reliance on fertilizers, the service related to the supply of nitrogen to the crops by the soil is not marginal, accounting for 22% of the total nitrogen consumption by the wheat. The availability of quantitative measures of selected soil services now paves the way for a detailed assessment of the various estimation methods currently in use, and the development of improved approaches.

在过去的十年中，世界各地的许多研究人员已经认识到土壤提供的许多服务对社会的重要性，并且大量的研究致力于使用各种类型的代理或依赖模型来估计它们。然而，迄今为止，该领域完全缺乏用于评估可用估计方法的实际测量值。在这种情况下，本研究的主要目标是首次获得对土壤提供的几种服务的直接测量。进行研究的实验地点是位于巴黎西南部（法国）西南部的一块农田，它具有人工排水的独特优势，因此可以随时间计算出雨水，养分，和除草剂施用到土壤上。提出了一种详细的方法，可从这些数据中提取3种供应服务（向附近溪流的供水，分别向小麦作物供应水和氮的食物供应）和3种调节服务（防洪，营养物质和除草剂的过滤和过滤）。讨论了使用此方法获得的结果以及不同服务的相对重要性。尤其是，事实表明，鉴于该地点实行的工业化农业类型及其对肥料的严重依赖，与土壤向作物提供氮素相关的服务并不有限，仅占该地区农业的22％。小麦的总氮消耗量。