BACKGROUND Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are ubiquitous. Previous studies have found associations between PFAS and thyroid hormones in maternal and cord sera, but the results are inconsistent. To further address this research question, we used mixture modeling to assess the associations with individual PFAS, interactions among PFAS chemicals, and the overall mixture. METHODS We collected data through the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective cohort study that between 2003 and 2006 enrolled 468 pregnant women and their children in the greater Cincinnati, Ohio region. We assessed the associations of maternal serum PFAS concentrations measured during pregnancy with maternal (n = 185) and cord (n = 256) sera thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), total triiodothyronine (TT3), free thyroxine (FT4), and free triiodothyronine (FT3) using two mixture modeling approaches (Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) and quantile g-computation) and multivariable linear regression. Additional models considered thyroid autoantibodies, other non-PFAS chemicals, and iodine deficiency as potential confounders or effect measure modifiers. RESULTS PFAS, considered individually or as mixtures, were generally not associated with any thyroid hormones. A doubling of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) had a positive association with cord serum TSH in BKMR models but the 95% Credible Interval included the null (β = 0.09; 95% CrI: -0.08, 0.27). Using BKMR and multivariable models, we found that among children born to mothers with higher thyroid peroxidase antibody (TPOAb), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), PFOS, and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) were associated with decreased cord FT4 suggesting modification by maternal TPOAb status. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that maternal serum PFAS concentrations measured in the second trimester of pregnancy are not strongly associated with thyroid hormones in maternal and cord sera. Further analyses using robust mixture models in other cohorts are required to corroborate these findings.

中文翻译：

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母体血清全氟烷基物质混合物和母体和脐带血清中的甲状腺激素浓度：HOME 研究。

背景技术全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）无处不在。之前的研究发现 PFAS 与母体和脐带血清中的甲状腺激素之间存在关联，但结果并不一致。为了进一步解决这一研究问题，我们使用混合物建模来评估与单个 PFAS 的关联、PFAS 化学品之间的相互作用以及整体混合物。方法 我们通过健康结果和环境措施 (HOME) 研究收集数据，这是一项前瞻性队列研究，在 2003 年至 2006 年期间招募了俄亥俄州大辛辛那提地区的 468 名孕妇及其子女。我们评估了怀孕期间测量的母体血清 PFAS 浓度与母体（n = 185）和脐带（n = 256）血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、总甲状腺素（TT4）、总三碘甲腺原氨酸（TT3）、使用两种混合建模方法（贝叶斯核机器回归 (BKMR) 和分位数 g 计算）和多变量线性回归分析游离甲状腺素 (FT4) 和游离三碘甲腺原氨酸 (FT3)。其他模型将甲状腺自身抗体、其他非 PFAS 化学物质和碘缺乏视为潜在的混杂因素或影响测量修饰符。结果 单独考虑或作为混合物考虑的 PFAS 通常与任何甲状腺激素无关。在 BKMR 模型中，全氟辛烷磺酸 (PFOS) 的加倍与脐带血清 TSH 呈正相关，但 95% 可信区间包括零值（β = 0.09；95% CrI：-0.08、0.27）。使用 BKMR 和多变量模型，我们发现在甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体 (TPOAb)、全氟辛酸 (PFOA)、PFOS、和全氟己烷磺酸 (PFHxS) 与脐带 FT4 降低相关，表明母体 TPOAb 状态有所改变。结论 这些研究结果表明，在妊娠中期测量的母体血清 PFAS 浓度与母体和脐带血清中的甲状腺激素没有很强的相关性。需要在其他队列中使用稳健的混合模型进行进一步分析，以证实这些发现。