N‐ functionalized amines play important roles in nature and occur, for example, in the antibiotic vancomycin, the immunosuppressant cyclosporine, the cytostatic actinomycin, the siderophore aerobactin, the cyanogenic glucoside linamarin, and the polyamine spermidine. In the pharmaceutical and fine‐chemical industries N‐ functionalized amines are used as building blocks for the preparation of bioactive molecules. Processes based on fermentation and on enzyme catalysis have been developed to provide sustainable manufacturing routes to N‐ alkylated, N‐ hydroxylated, N‐ acylated, or other N‐ functionalized amines including polyamines. Metabolic engineering for provision of precursor metabolites is combined with heterologous N‐ functionalizing enzymes such as imine or ketimine reductases, opine or amino acid dehydrogenases, N‐ hydroxylases, N‐ acyltransferase, or polyamine synthetases. Recent progress and applications of fermentative processes using metabolically engineered bacteria and yeasts along with the employed enzymes are reviewed and the perspectives on developing new fermentative processes based on insight from enzyme catalysis are discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于生产N-官能化氨基酸和胺的微生物工程。

N-官能化胺在自然界中起着重要作用，例如在抗生素万古霉素，免疫抑制剂环孢菌素，细胞抑制放线菌素，铁载体气杆菌素，氰基葡萄糖苷利那马林和多胺亚精胺中存在。在制药和精细化工行业，N-官能化胺被用作制备生物活性分子的基础。已开发出基于发酵和酶催化的工艺，以提供可持续的生产路线，以实现N-烷基化，N-羟基化，N-酰化或其他N-化官能化胺，包括多胺。提供前体代谢产物的代谢工程与异源N-功能化酶（如亚胺或酮亚胺还原酶，阿片或氨基酸脱氢酶，N-羟化酶，N-酰基转移酶或多胺合成酶）结合在一起。综述了利用代谢工程细菌和酵母以及所采用的酶在发酵过程中的最新进展和应用，并讨论了基于酶催化研究开发新发酵过程的观点。