Copper can be accumulated in water through excessive sewage discharge or residual algaecide to generate toxic effect to aquatic animals. In this study, the juvenile of Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei was exposed to 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5 or 1 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹ for 30 days. Growth, immune function, anti-oxidative status and gut microbiota were evaluated. Weight gain and specific growth rate of L. vannamei were significantly decreased with the increase of ambient Cu²⁺. Enlarged lumen and ruptured cells were found in the hepatopancreas of shrimp in the 0.5 or 1 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹ treatment. Total hemocyte counts of shrimp in 0.5 or 1 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹ were significantly lower than in the control. The hemocyanin concentration was also significantly increased in 0.2 or 0.5 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹. Lysozyme contents were reduced in shrimp when Cu²⁺ exceeded 0.2 mg L⁻¹. Meanwhile, activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were increased in the hepatopancreas and the activity of Na⁺-K⁺ ATPase was decreased in the gills with increasing Cu²⁺. The mRNA expressions of immune deficiency, toll-like receptor and caspase-3 were all significantly higher in the hepatopancreas in 0.05 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹ than in the control. For the diversity of intestinal microbes, Bacteroidetes significantly decreased in 1 mg Cu²⁺ L⁻¹ at the phylum level. KEGG pathway analysis demonstrates that 1 mg L⁻¹ Cu²⁺ can significantly alter metabolism, cellular processes and environmental information processing. This study indicates that the concentration of 1 mg L⁻¹ Cu can negatively impact growth, hemolymph immunity, anti-oxidative capacity and gut microbiota composition of L. vannamei.

铜可能通过过多的污水排放或残留的杀藻剂积聚在水中，从而对水生动物产生毒性作用。在这项研究中，太平洋白虾幼虾凡纳滨对虾（Ltopenaeus vannamei）暴露于0（对照），0.05、0.1、0.2、0.5或1 mg Cu ²⁺ L ^-1 30天。评价生长，免疫功能，抗氧化状态和肠道菌群。随着环境Cu ²⁺的增加，南美白对虾的体重增加和比生长速率显着下降。在0.5或1 mg Cu ²⁺ L ^-1处理下，虾的肝胰腺中发现管腔增大和细胞破裂。虾中0.5或1毫克铜的总血细胞计数²⁺ L ^-1显着低于对照。在0.2或0.5 mg Cu ²⁺ L ^-1中，血蓝蛋白浓度也显着增加。当Cu ²⁺超过0.2 mg L ^-1时，虾的溶菌酶含量降低。同时，随着Cu ^2+的增加，肝胰脏中超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性增加，Na中的Na ⁺ -K ⁺ ATPase活性降低。0.05 mg Cu ²⁺ L ^-1的肝胰腺中免疫缺陷，toll​​样受体和caspase-3的mRNA表达均明显升高。比在控件中。对于肠道微生物的多样性，在门区域，1 mg Cu ²⁺ L ^-1中的拟杆菌明显减少。KEGG通路分析表明1 mg L ^-1 Cu ²⁺可以显着改变代谢，细胞过程和环境信息处理。该研究表明1 mg L ^-1 Cu的浓度会对南美白对虾的生长，血淋巴免疫力，抗氧化能力和肠道菌群组成产生负面影响。