OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between exposure to unintentionally emitted carbonaceous nanoscale particles (NPs) and small for gestational age (SGA), as well as head circumference (HC) at birth and at two years of age. METHODS Mothers from the French Longitudinal Study of Children (Elfe cohort) who worked during pregnancy were selected for our study. Data collected at birth and during follow-up (up to two years) were used. The probability and frequency of maternal occupational exposure to unintentionally emitted carbonaceous NPs was estimated using a job exposure matrix (MatPUF). Multivariate logistic regression, linear regression, and mixed models were applied to estimate any associations. Analyses were carried out depending on whether mothers stopped working during the first, second, or third trimester of pregnancy. RESULTS Maternal occupational exposure to unintentionally emitted carbonaceous NPs was associated with SGA in the overall study population by multivariate analysis (ORa = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.29, 2.46), as well as in sub-groups of mothers who stopped working during the second (ORa = 1.84, 95% CI: 1.13, 3.02) or third (ORa = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.10, 2.95) trimesters. There were no significant associations with HC at birth or two years of age. CONCLUSIONS We found a significant association between occupational exposure to carbonaceous NPs and SGA, with the effect depending on the period of exposure during pregnancy. These results should encourage further studies concerning the adverse effects of exposure to carbonaceous NPs on the development of offspring.

中文翻译：

---

法国儿童纵向研究-Elfe研究显示，母亲职业接触碳纳米颗粒且胎龄和头围演变较小。

目的研究无意排放的碳纳米颗粒（NPs）与胎龄小（SGA）以及出生时和两岁时的头围（HC）之间的关系。方法我们从法国儿童纵向研究（Elfe队列）的母亲中进行了研究。使用出生时和随访期间（最多两年）收集的数据。使用工作暴露矩阵（MatPUF）估算了母亲职业性暴露于无意排放的碳质NP的可能性和频率。应用多元逻辑回归，线性回归和混合模型来估计任何关联。根据母亲在怀孕的第一，第二或第三个月中是否停止工作进行了分析。结果通过多变量分析（ORa = 1.80，95％CI：1.29，2.46），以及在第二阶段停止工作的母亲亚组中，母亲职业接触无意排放的碳质NP与SGA相关。 （ORa = 1.84，95％CI：1.13，3.02）或孕晚期（ORa = 1.80，95％CI：1.10，2.95）。在出生或两岁时与HC没有明显的关联。结论我们发现职业性接触碳质NP和SGA之间存在显着关联，其影响取决于怀孕期间的接触时间。这些结果应鼓励就接触碳质NPs对后代发育的不利影响进行进一步的研究。