Aim: Nutrient enrichment is associated with plant invasions and biodiversity loss. Functional trait advantages may predict the ascendancy of invasive plants following nutrient enrichment but this is rarely tested. Here, we investigate (a) whether dominant native and non-native plants differ in important morphological and physiological leaf traits, (b) how their traits respond to nutrient addition, and (c) whether responses are consistent across functional groups. Location: Australia, Europe, North America and South Africa. Time period: 2007–2014. Major taxa studied: Graminoids and forbs. Methods: We focused on two types of leaf traits connected to resource acquisition: morphological features relating to light-foraging surfaces and investment in tissue (specific leaf area, SLA) and physiological features relating to internal leaf chemistry as the basis for producing and utilizing photosynthate. We measured these traits on 503 leaves from 151 dominant species across 27 grasslands on four continents. We used an identical nutrient addition treatment of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) at all sites. Sites represented a broad range of grasslands that varied widely in climatic and edaphic conditions. Results: We found evidence that non-native graminoids invest in leaves with higher nutrient concentrations than native graminoids, particularly at sites where native and non-native species both dominate. We found little evidence that native and non-native forbs differed in the measured leaf traits. These results were consistent in natural soil fertility levels and nutrient-enriched conditions, with dominant species responding similarly to nutrient addition regardless of whether they were native or non-native. Main conclusions: Our work identifies the inherent physiological trait advantages that can be used to predict non-native graminoid establishment, potentially because of higher efficiency at taking up crucial nutrients into their leaves. Most importantly, these inherent advantages are already present at natural soil fertility levels and are maintained following nutrient enrichment.

中文翻译：

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主要的原生和非原生禾本科植物在关键叶子性状上有所不同，而与养分可用性无关

目标：营养丰富与植物入侵和生物多样性丧失有关。功能性状优势可以预测营养丰富后入侵植物的优势，但这很少被测试。在这里，我们调查 (a) 优势原生植物和非原生植物在重要的形态和生理叶片特征上是否不同，(b) 它们的特征如何对营养添加做出反应，以及 (c) 响应是否在功能组之间一致。地点：澳大利亚、欧洲、北美和南非。时间段：2007-2014。研究的主要分类群：禾本科和杂草。方法：我们关注与资源获取相关的两种叶子特征：与光觅食表面和组织投资相关的形态特征（特定叶面积、SLA) 和与内部叶片化学相关的生理特征，作为产生和利用光合产物的基础。我们在来自四大洲 27 个草原的 151 个优势物种的 503 片叶子上测量了这些特征。我们在所有地点使用了相同的氮 (N)、磷 (P) 和钾 (K) 养分添加处理。地点代表了范围广泛的草原，这些草原在气候和土壤条件下差异很大。结果：我们发现证据表明，非本地禾本科植物投资于营养浓度高于本地禾本科植物的叶子，特别是在本地和非本地物种均占主导地位的地点。我们几乎没有发现本地和非本地异叶植物在测量的叶子性状上存在差异的证据。这些结果在自然土壤肥力水平和营养丰富的条件下是一致的，优势物种对营养添加的反应相似，无论它们是本地的还是非本地的。主要结论：我们的工作确定了可用于预测非本地禾本科植物建立的固有生理特征优势，这可能是因为将关键营养物质吸收到叶子中的效率更高。最重要的是，这些固有优势已经存在于自然土壤肥力水平，并在营养丰富后得以保持。