Neurons are incredibly reliant on their cytoskeletal transport machinery. During development the cytoskeleton is the primary driver of growth and remodelling. In mature neurons the cytoskeleton keeps all components in a constant state of movement, allowing both supply of newly synthesized proteins to distal locations as well as the removal of aging proteins and organelles for recycling or degradation. This process is most challenging within axons as large distances need to be covered between synthesis and degradation, but it is essential as the lifetime of any single protein is much shorter than the lifetime of the neuron and its synapses. However, the transport machinery itself also has to be actively transported, recycled and degraded in order to localise properly and perform within neurons. This review provides an overview of the lifecycle of cytoskeletal components in neurons, focusing on its spatial organisation over time in the axon.

神经元非常依赖它们的细胞骨架运输机制。在发育过程中，细胞骨架是生长和重塑的主要驱动力。在成熟的神经元中，细胞骨架使所有成分保持恒定的运动状态，允许将新合成的蛋白质供应到远端位置以及去除老化的蛋白质和细胞器以进行回收或降解。这个过程在轴突内最具挑战性，因为合成和降解之间需要跨越很长的距离，但它是必不可少的，因为任何单个蛋白质的寿命都比神经元及其突触的寿命短得多。然而，运输机械本身也必须被主动运输、回收和降解，以便正确定位并在神经元内发挥作用。