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The Central Role of Small Vertical Substrates for the Origin of Grasping in Early Primates.
Current Biology ( IF 9.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-03-12 , DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.02.012
Severine Toussaint 1 , Artémis Llamosi 2 , Luca Morino 3 , Dionisios Youlatos 4
Affiliation  

The manual and pedal grasping abilities of primates, characterized by an opposable hallux, flat nails, and elongated digits, constitute a unique combination of features that likely promoted their characteristic use of arboreal habitats. These hand and foot specificities are central for understanding the origins and early evolution of primates and have long been associated with foraging in a fine-branch milieu. However, other arboreal mammals occupy similar niches, and it remains unclear how substrate type may have exerted a selective pressure on the acquisition of nails and a divergent pollex/hallux in primates or in what sequential order these traits evolved. Here, we video-recorded 14,564 grasps during arboreal locomotion in 11 primate species (6 strepsirrhines and 5 platyrrhines) and 11 non-primate arboreal species (1 scandentian, 3 rodents, 3 carnivorans, and 4 marsupials). We quantified our observations with 19 variables to analyze the effect of substrate orientation and diameter on hand and foot postural repertoire. We found that hand and foot postures correlate with phylogeny. Also, primates exhibited high repertoire diversity, with a strong capability for postural adjustment compared to the other studied groups. Surprisingly, nails do not confer an advantage in negotiating small substrates unless the animal is large, but the possession of a grasping pollex and hallux is crucial for climbing small vertical substrates. We propose that the divergent hallux and pollex may have resulted from a frequent use of vertical plants in early primate ecological scenarios, although nails may not have resulted from a fundamental adaptation to arboreal locomotion.

中文翻译:

早期灵长类动物抓握起源的小型垂直基质的核心作用。

灵长类动物的手动和踏板抓握能力,以可对生的拇趾、扁平指甲和细长手指为特征,构成了一种独特的特征组合,可能促进了它们对树栖栖息地的独特利用。这些手足特征对于了解灵长类动物的起源和早期进化至关重要,并且长期以来一直与在细枝环境中觅食有关。然而,其他树栖哺乳动物占据了类似的生态位,目前尚不清楚基质类型如何对灵长类动物的指甲和不同的拇趾/拇趾的获取施加选择压力,或者这些特征的进化顺序是什么。在这里,我们录制了 11 种灵长类动物(6 种链球菌和 5 种桔梗)和 11 种非灵长类树栖动物(1 只斯堪的动物,3 只啮齿动物,3 只食肉动物和 4 只有袋动物)。我们用 19 个变量量化了我们的观察结果,以分析基底方向和直径对手足姿势的影响。我们发现手和脚的姿势与系统发育相关。此外,与其他研究组相比,灵长类动物表现出很高的曲目多样性,具有很强的姿势调整能力。令人惊讶的是,除非动物很大,否则指甲不会在谈判小基板时带来优势,但拥有抓握的花粉和拇趾对于攀爬小型垂直基板至关重要。我们提出不同的拇趾和花粉可能是由于早期灵长类动物生态环境中频繁使用垂直植物造成的,尽管指甲可能不是对树栖运动的基本适应造成的。我们用 19 个变量量化了我们的观察结果,以分析基底方向和直径对手足姿势的影响。我们发现手和脚的姿势与系统发育相关。此外,与其他研究组相比,灵长类动物表现出很高的曲目多样性,具有很强的姿势调整能力。令人惊讶的是,除非动物很大,否则指甲不会在谈判小基板时带来优势,但拥有抓握的花粉和拇趾对于攀爬小型垂直基板至关重要。我们提出不同的拇趾和花粉可能是由于早期灵长类动物生态环境中频繁使用垂直植物造成的,尽管指甲可能不是对树栖运动的基本适应造成的。我们用 19 个变量量化了我们的观察结果,以分析基底方向和直径对手足姿势的影响。我们发现手和脚的姿势与系统发育相关。此外,与其他研究组相比,灵长类动物表现出很高的曲目多样性,具有很强的姿势调整能力。令人惊讶的是,除非动物很大,否则指甲不会在谈判小基板时带来优势,但拥有抓握的花粉和拇趾对于攀爬小型垂直基板至关重要。我们提出不同的拇趾和花粉可能是由于早期灵长类动物生态环境中频繁使用垂直植物造成的,尽管指甲可能不是对树栖运动的基本适应造成的。
更新日期:2020-03-12
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