A proper clinical evaluation of patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is of great importance to detect MS progression. It provides important data for physicians on their daily practice as well as with scientific purpose, especially useful with the development of newer therapeutic options in MS. Clinical outcome measures (COMs) are instruments that enable a standardized characterization of the patient's clinical disease status. A proper COM should have - among other psychometric characteristics - a good validity, reliability and responsiveness. For MS disability, the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) is currently the most frequently used scale. However, different less known COMs are also available and could be implemented on clinical practice. We review the most frequently used COMs of MS progression including their operationalization and statistical considerations, as well as newer composite COMs and digital tools on development. We focus on their responsiveness or capacity to detect clinically relevant changes to identify progression or transition to progressive forms of the disease, as well as therapeutic response.

中文翻译：

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多发性硬化症的临床结局指标：综述。

对多发性硬化症（MS）的患者进行正确的临床评估对于检测MS的进展至关重要。它为医师的日常工作以及科学目的提供了重要的数据，尤其对于开发MS中新的治疗选择很有用。临床结果测量（COM）是可对患者的临床疾病状况进行标准化表征的仪器。适当的COM除其他心理测量特征外，还应具有良好的有效性，可靠性和响应能力。对于MS残疾，扩展残疾状态量表（EDSS）是目前最常用的量表。但是，也可以使用其他鲜为人知的COM，这些COM可以在临床实践中实现。我们回顾了MS进展最频繁的COM，包括其可操作性和统计考虑因素，以及更新的复合COM和开发中的数字工具。我们专注于他们的反应能力或检测临床相关变化的能力，以识别疾病的进展或过渡到疾病的进展形式，以及治疗反应。