Crown gall disease of grapevine, caused by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, often results in severe economic loss to grape production worldwide. This study demonstrated the ability of the endophytic bacteria Pseudomonas sp. Sn48 and Pantoea sp. Sa14 isolated from domesticated and wild grapevines to induce resistance in both above‐ and belowground tissues of grapevines infected with A. tumefaciens. Our results provide evidence that both strains can colonize roots and/or shoots. We showed that the strains Pseudomonas sp. Sn48 and Pantoea sp. Sa14 are capable of inducing stilbenic phytoalexin production in grapevine tissues and to further prime plantlets for enhanced phytoalexin production after A. tumefaciens inoculation. We also showed that in the majority of treatments, polyamine accumulation remained unchanged or slightly increased in plantlets treated with Pseudomonas sp. Sn48 and Pantoea sp. Sa14 compared with the control. Our findings indicated that the levels of polyamines remain unchanged or significantly decrease in plantlets treated with endophytic bacteria after A. tumefaciens challenge compared to the control and plantlets treated with individual endophytic bacterial strains. PR1, PR2, and PR4 gene expression levels of plantlets treated with Pseudomonas sp. Sn48 and Pantoea sp. Sa14 significantly increased after A. tumefaciens inoculation. The findings revealed the efficacy of the selected endophytic bacteria in triggering grapevine resistance against A. tumefaciens and the possible use of these strains as an alternative to chemical control methods in grapevine crown gall disease management.

中文翻译：

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葡萄内生细菌对根癌农杆菌系统抗性的诱导

由根癌农杆菌引起的葡萄冠瘿病经常给全世界的葡萄生产造成严重的经济损失。这项研究证明了内生细菌假单胞菌的能力。Sn48 和 Pantoea sp。从驯化和野生葡萄藤中分离出的 Sa14，可在感染根癌农杆菌的葡萄藤的地上和地下组织中诱导抗性。我们的结果提供证据表明这两种菌株都可以在根和/或芽上定植。我们表明菌株 Pseudomonas sp。Sn48 和 Pantoea sp。Sa14 能够在葡萄藤组织中诱导芪类植物抗毒素的产生，并在接种根癌土壤杆菌后进一步为幼苗准备以提高植物抗毒素的产量。我们还表明，在大多数治疗中，在用假单胞菌处理的植株中多胺积累保持不变或略有增加。Sn48 和 Pantoea sp。Sa14 与对照相比。我们的研究结果表明，与对照和用单个内生细菌菌株处理的植株相比，在根癌土壤杆菌攻击后，用内生细菌处理的植株的多胺水平保持不变或显着降低。假单胞菌处理的小植株的 PR1、PR2 和 PR4 基因表达水平。Sn48 和 Pantoea sp。接种根癌农杆菌后，Sa14 显着增加。研究结果揭示了所选内生细菌在引发葡萄藤对根癌农杆菌的抗性方面的功效，以及这些菌株在葡萄藤冠瘿病管理中作为化学控制方法的替代方法的可能用途。