Networks of protected areas are fundamental for biodiversity conservation, but many factors determine their conservation efficiency. In particular, on top of other human-driven disturbances, invasions by non-native species can cause habitat and biodiversity loss. Jointly understanding what drives patterns of plant diversity and of non-native species in protected areas is therefore a priority. We tested whether the richness and composition of native and non-native plant species within a network of protected areas follow similar patterns across spatial scales. Specifically, we addressed three questions: (a) what is the degree of congruence in species richness between native and non-native species? (b) do changes in the composition of non-native species across ecological gradients reflect a similar turnover of native species along the same gradients ? (c) what are the main environmental and human disturbance drivers controlling species richness in these two groups of species? Species richness and composition of native and non-native plant species were compared at two spatial scales: the plot scale (10 m × 10 m) and the Protected Area scale (PA). In addition, we fit Generalized Linear Models to identify the most important drivers of native and non-native species richness at each scale, focusing on environmental conditions (climate, topography) and on the main sources of human disturbance in the area (land use and roads). We found a significant positive correlation between the turnover of native and non-native species composition at both plot and PA scales, whereas their species richness was only correlated at the larger PA scale. The lack of congruence between the richness of native and non-native species at the plot scale was likely driven by differential responses to fine scale environmental factors, with non-natives favoring drier climates and milder slopes (climate and slope). In addition, more non-native species were found closer to road-ways in the reserve network. In contrast, the congruence in the richness of native and non-native species at the broader PA scale was mainly driven by the common influence of PA area, but also by similar responses of the two groups of species to climatic heterogeneity. Thus, our study highlights the strong spatial dependence of the relationship between native and non-native species richness and of their responses to environmental variation. Taken together, our results suggest that within the study region the introduction and establishment of non-native species would be more likely in warmer and dryer areas, with high native species richness at large spatial scale but intermediate levels of anthropogenic disturbances and mild slope inclinations and elevation at fine scale. Such an exhaustive understanding of the factors that influence the spread of non-native species, especially in networks of protected areas is crucial to inform conservation managers on how to control or curb non-native species.

保护区网络是生物多样性保护的基础，但许多因素决定了其保护效率。特别是，除其他人为干扰外，非本地物种的入侵还会造成栖息地和生物多样性的丧失。因此，共同了解驱动保护区植物多样性和非本地物种模式的因素是当务之急。我们测试了保护区网络中本地和非本地植物物种的丰富度和组成在整个空间尺度上是否遵循相似的模式。具体来说，我们解决了三个问题：（a）本地物种与非本地物种在物种丰富度上的一致性程度如何？（b）跨生态梯度的非本地物种组成变化是否反映了相同梯度下本地物种的类似周转？（c）在这两组物种中控制物种丰富度的主要环境和人为因素是什么？在两个空间尺度上比较了本地和非本地植物物种的物种丰富度和组成：样地尺度（10 m×10 m）和保护区尺度（PA）。此外，我们采用广义线性模型来确定各个尺度上本地和非本地物种丰富度的最重要驱动因素，重点是环境条件（气候，地形）和该地区人为干扰的主要来源（土地利用和土地利用）。道路）。我们发现，在样地和PA尺度下，本地和非本地物种组成的转换之间存在显着的正相关，而它们的物种丰富度仅在较大的PA尺度上才相关。在小规模尺度上，本地和非本地物种的丰富度之间缺乏一致性，这可能是由对精细尺度环境因素的不同反应所致，非本地人则偏向于较干燥的气候和较缓和的坡度（气候和坡度）。此外，在保护区网络中，靠近道路的地方发现了更多的非本地物种。相比之下，在更广泛的PA尺度上，本地和非本地物种的丰富度的一致性主要是由PA区域的共同影响所驱动，但也由两组物种对气候异质性的相似响应所驱动。从而，我们的研究强调了本地和非本地物种丰富度之间的关系及其对环境变化的响应的强烈空间依赖性。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，在研究区域内，非本地物种的引入和建立将更可能出现在较温暖和干燥的地区，因为在较大的空间规模上本地物种丰富度很高，但是人为干扰和中等程度的坡度以及精细标高。如此详尽地了解影响非本地物种扩散的因素，尤其是在保护区网络中的扩散，对于使保护管理人员了解如何控制或遏制非本地物种至关重要。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，在研究区域内，非本地物种的引入和建立将更可能出现在较温暖和干燥的地区，因为在较大的空间规模上本地物种丰富度很高，但是人为干扰和中等程度的坡度以及精细标高。如此详尽地了解影响非本地物种扩散的因素，尤其是在保护区网络中的扩散，对于使保护管理人员了解如何控制或遏制非本地物种至关重要。综上所述，我们的研究结果表明，在研究区域内，非本地物种的引入和建立将更可能出现在较温暖和干燥的地区，因为在较大的空间规模上本地物种丰富度很高，但是人为干扰和中等程度的坡度以及精细标高。如此详尽地了解影响非本地物种扩散的因素，尤其是在保护区网络中的扩散，对于使保护管理人员了解如何控制或遏制非本地物种至关重要。在较大的空间规模上具有很高的原生物种丰富度，但是在中等规模的人为干扰和中等程度的坡度倾斜和高程上处于中等水平。如此详尽地了解影响非本地物种扩散的因素，尤其是在保护区网络中的扩散，对于使保护管理人员了解如何控制或遏制非本地物种至关重要。在较大的空间规模上具有很高的原生物种丰富度，但是在中等规模的人为干扰和中等程度的坡度倾斜和高程上处于中等水平。如此详尽地了解影响非本地物种扩散的因素，尤其是在保护区网络中的扩散，对于使保护管理人员了解如何控制或遏制非本地物种至关重要。