In recent years, exciting developments have taken place in the identification of the role of cosmic rays in star-forming environments. Observations from radio to infrared wavelengths and theoretical modelling have shown that low-energy cosmic rays ( < 1 TeV $< 1\text{ TeV}$ ) play a fundamental role in shaping the chemical richness of the interstellar medium, determining the dynamical evolution of molecular clouds. In this review we summarise in a coherent picture the main results obtained by observations and by theoretical models of propagation and generation of cosmic rays, from the smallest scales of protostars and circumstellar discs, to young stellar clusters, up to Galactic and extragalactic scales. We also discuss the new fields that will be explored in the near future thanks to new generation instruments, such as: CTA, for the γ $\gamma $ -ray emission from high-mass protostars; SKA and precursors, for the synchrotron emission at different scales; and ELT/HIRES, JWST, and ARIEL, for the impact of cosmic rays on exoplanetary atmospheres and habitability.

中文翻译：

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低能宇宙线对恒星形成的影响

近年来，在确定宇宙射线在恒星形成环境中的作用方面取得了令人兴奋的进展。从无线电到红外线波长的观测和理论模型表明，低能宇宙射线 (< 1 TeV $< 1\text{ TeV}$ ) 在塑造星际介质的化学丰富度方面发挥着重要作用，决定了分子云。在这篇综述中，我们总结了通过观测和宇宙射线传播和产生的理论模型获得的主要结果，从原恒星和星周盘的最小尺度，到年轻的星团，再到银河和河外尺度。我们还讨论了在不久的将来由于新一代仪器而探索的新领域，例如：CTA、对于来自大质量原恒星的 γ $\gamma $ -射线发射；SKA 和前体，用于不同尺度的同步辐射；以及 ELT/HIRES、JWST 和 ARIEL，研究宇宙射线对系外行星大气和宜居性的影响。