Effects of natural stressors such as copper (Cu2+), temperature, hypoxia, chloroform and adrenaline on physiological and biochemical responses were investigated in the Mediterranean green crab Carcinus aestuarii from tidal shallow waters of Narta Lagoon, Albania. For this purpose, hemolymph glucose levels, total and differential hemocyte count, in normal and eye-stalked individuals, exposed to above mentioned stressors like, were assessed. In addition, lysosomal membrane stability was evaluated as biomarker of hemocyte toxicity, with possible implications on crab immune response. Hemolymph glucose levels were significantly increased in all treatment groups with 1.25-to 3.5-fold above baseline levels of 37.8 ± 2.7 mgdL-1. Response times were being manifested within 30-120 min following exposure and recovery happened within 2 h of restoration of pretreatment conditions. Total hemocyte count (THC) and differential hemocyte count (DCH) showed a significant decrease for all stressors, except for copper, were an increase of semi-granular hemocyte fraction were recorded. Meanwhile, significant reduction of neutral red retention time (NRRT), in both eyestalk-ablated and exposed animals, were recorded, indicated the loss of hemocyte lysosomal membrane integrity. The responsiveness of hemolymph blood levels to all stressors, the decrease in total hemocyte count, as well as the loss of lysosomal membrane integrity demonstrated that exposure to environmentally realistic stressors placed a heavy metabolic load on C. aestuarii, modulating their immune competence and overall physiological wellness. Overall, results suggest that monitoring cellular and biochemical parameters like hemolymph glucose titres, TCH, DHC and NRRT, may be useful and sensitive means of evaluating the crustacean's ability to cope with the wide variety of environmental stressors through modulation of the immune parameters.

中文翻译：

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地中海绿蟹Carcinus aestuarii对不同环境胁迫的生理和生化反应：评估血细胞毒性及其对免疫反应的可能影响。

在阿尔巴尼亚纳尔塔泻湖的潮汐浅水域的地中海绿蟹Carcinus aestuarii中，研究了诸如铜（Cu2 +），温度，低氧，氯仿和肾上腺素等自然胁迫对生理和生化反应的影响。为此目的，评估了暴露于上述应激源的正常人和眼动者的血淋巴葡萄糖水平，总血细胞数和差异血细胞数。此外，溶酶体膜的稳定性被评估为血细胞毒性的生物标志物，可能对蟹的免疫反应有影响。在所有治疗组中，血淋巴葡萄糖水平均显着升高，比基线水平37.8±2.7 mgdL-1高1.25至3.5倍。在暴露后30-120分钟内表现出响应时间，恢复预处理条件后2小时内恢复。总血细胞计数（THC）和差异血细胞计数（DCH）显示，除铜外，所有应激源均显着降低，并且记录了半颗粒血细胞分数的增加。同时，记录了在经眼柄切除和暴露的动物中中性红血丝保留时间（NRRT）的显着减少，表明血红细胞溶酶体膜完整性的丧失。血淋巴血液水平对所有应激源的反应性，总血细胞计数的减少以及溶酶体膜完整性的丧失表明，暴露于环境逼真的应激源下，C。aestuarii的代谢负担沉重，调节他们的免疫能力和整体生理健康。总体而言，结果表明，监测细胞和生化参数，例如血淋巴葡萄糖滴度，TCH，DHC和NRRT，可能是评估甲壳类动物通过调节免疫参数应对多种环境应激源能力的有用且敏感的手段。