Residents of malaria-endemic communities spend several hours outdoors performing different activities, e.g. cooking, story-telling or eating, thereby exposing themselves to potentially-infectious mosquitoes. This compromises effectiveness of indoor interventions, notably long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). This study characterized common peri-domestic spaces in rural south-eastern Tanzania, and assessed protective efficacy against mosquitoes of hessian fabric mats and ribbons treated with the spatial repellent, transfluthrin, and fitted to chairs and outdoor kitchens, respectively. Two hundred households were surveyed, and their most-used peri-domestic spaces physically characterized. Protective efficacies of locally-made transfluthrin-emanating chairs and hessian ribbons were tested in outdoor environments of 28 households in dry and wet seasons, using volunteer-occupied exposure-free double net traps. CDC light traps were used to estimate host-seeking mosquito densities within open-structure outdoor kitchens. Field-collected Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus mosquitoes were exposed underneath the chairs to estimate 24 h-mortality. Finally, The World Health Organization insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on wild-caught Anopheles from the villages. Approximately half (52%) of houses had verandas. Aside from these verandas, most houses also had peri-domestic spaces where residents stayed most times (67% of houses with verandas and 94% of non-veranda houses). Two-thirds of these spaces were sited under trees, and only one third (34.4%) were built-up. The outdoor structures were usually makeshift kitchens having roofs and partial walls. Transfluthrin-treated chairs reduced outdoor-biting An. arabiensis densities by 70–85%, while transfluthrin-treated hessian ribbons fitted to the outdoor kitchens caused 77–81% reduction in the general peri-domestic area. Almost all the field-collected An. arabiensis (99.4%) and An. funestus (100%) exposed under transfluthrin-treated chairs died. The An. arabiensis were susceptible to non-pyrethroids (pirimiphos methyl and bendiocarb), but resistant to pyrethroids commonly used on LLINs (deltamethrin and permethrin). Most houses had actively-used peri-domestic outdoor spaces where exposure to mosquitoes occurred. The transfluthrin-treated chairs and ribbons reduced outdoor-biting malaria vectors in these peri-domestic spaces, and also elicited significant mortality among pyrethroid-resistant field-caught malaria vectors. These two new prototype formats for transfluthrin emanators, if developed further, may constitute new options for complementing LLINs and IRS with outdoor protection against malaria and other mosquito-borne pathogens in areas where peri-domestic human activities are common.

中文翻译：

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使用经氟氟氰菊酯处理的椅子和缎带创造无蚊子的户外空间

疟疾流行社区的居民在户外花费数小时进行各种活动，例如做饭，讲故事或进食，从而使自己暴露于具有潜在传染性的蚊子中。这损害了室内干预的有效性，尤其是持久的杀虫剂处理过的蚊帐（LLIN）和室内残留喷雾（IRS）。这项研究的特征是坦桑尼亚东南部农村地区常见的家庭住所空间，并评估了用空间驱虫剂，跨氟菊酯处理并分别安装在椅子和室外厨房上的粗麻布垫和缎带对蚊子的防护效果。对200户家庭进行了调查，并对其最常用的家庭周围空间进行了物理表征。在28个家庭的干燥和潮湿季节的室外环境中，使用自愿者使用的无接触双网捕集阱，对本地制造的发出氟氨蝶呤的椅子和粗麻布色带的防护效果进行了测试。CDC陷阱用于估计开放式结构户外厨房中寻找宿主的蚊子密度。将野外采集的阿拉伯按蚊和真菌按蚊（Anopheles funestus mosquitoes）暴露在椅子下方，以估计24 h死亡率。最后，世界卫生组织对来自村庄的野生按蚊进行了药敏试验。大约一半（52％）的房屋有阳台。除了这些阳台，大多数房屋还拥有居民居住的地方，大部分是居民在该处居住（67％的带阳台的房屋和94％的非阳台的房屋）。这些空间的三分之二位于树下，只有三分之一（34.4％）的空间被树立。室外结构通常是带有屋顶和部分墙壁的临时厨房。经Transfluthrin处理的椅子减少了户外咬人An。阿拉伯地区的密度提高了70-85％，而安装在户外厨房的经过氟菌灵处理的粗麻布色带则使整个家庭周围的面积减少了77-81％。几乎所有现场收集的An。阿拉伯（99.4％）和An。在经氟氟沙星处理的椅子下暴露的真菌（100％）死亡。安。阿拉伯树种对非拟除虫菊酯（甲基对硫磷和苯达威）敏感，但对LLIN常用的拟除虫菊酯（溴氰菊酯和苄氯菊酯）具有抗性。大多数房屋都使用了活跃的家庭围栏室外空间，这些地方会接触到蚊子。经氨甲蝶呤处理的椅子和缎带减少了这些家庭周围空间中户外咬人的疟疾媒介，并在对拟除虫菊酯有抗药性的野外捕获的疟疾媒介中引起了极大的死亡率。如果进一步开发，这两种新的顺氟菊酯散发剂原型格式可能构成新的选择，以补充LLIN和IRS，使其在户外活动频繁的地区对疟疾和其他蚊媒病原体进行户外防护。