Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the most important causes of preventable cognitive impairment in the world. The developing neurological system is exquisitely sensitive to harm from alcohol and there is now also substantial evidence that alcohol-related harm can extend beyond the individual person, leading to epigenetic changes and intergenerational vulnerability and disadvantage. There is no known safe level or timing of drinking for pregnant or lactating women and binge drinking (> four drinks within 2 hours for women) is the most harmful. Alcohol-exposure increases the risk of congenital problems, including Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) and its most severe form, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The impact of FASD and FAS is enduring and life-long with no current treatment or cure. Emerging therapeutic options may mitigate the worst impact of alcohol exposure but significant knowledge gaps remain. This review discusses the history, epidemiology and clinical presentations of prenatal alcohol exposure, focusing on FASD and FAS, and the impact of evidence on future research, practice and policy directions.

中文翻译：

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怀孕期间饮酒及其对母婴的影响

产前酒精暴露是世界上可预防的认知障碍的最重要原因之一。发育中的神经系统对酒精的伤害非常敏感，现在也有大量证据表明，酒精相关的伤害可能超出个人，导致表观遗传变化和代际脆弱性和劣势。对于孕妇或哺乳期妇女来说，没有已知的安全饮酒水平或饮酒时间，狂饮（女性在 2 小时内喝四杯以上）是最有害的。接触酒精会增加先天性问题的风险，包括胎儿酒精谱系障碍 (FASD) 及其最严重的形式，即胎儿酒精综合征 (FAS)。FASD 和 FAS 的影响是持久和终生的，目前尚无治疗或治愈方法。新兴的治疗选择可能会减轻酒精暴露的最坏影响，但仍然存在重大的知识差距。本综述讨论了产前酒精暴露的历史、流行病学和临床表现，重点关注 FASD 和 FAS，以及证据对未来研究、实践和政策方向的影响。