Abstract We argue that because of a long history of intergroup conflict and competition, humans evolved to be tribal creatures. Tribalism is not inherently bad, but it can lead to ideological thinking and sacred values that distort cognitive processing of putatively objective information in ways that affirm and strengthen the views and well-being of one’s ingroup (and that increase one’s own standing within one’s ingroup). Because of this shared evolutionary history of intergroup conflict, liberals and conservatives likely share the same underlying tribal psychology, which creates the potential for ideologically distorted information processing. Over the past several decades, social scientists have sedulously documented various tribal and ideological psychological tendencies on the political right, and more recent work has documented similar tendencies on the political left. We contend that these tribal tendencies and propensities can lead to ideologically distorted information processing in any group. And this ideological epistemology can become especially problematic for the pursuit of the truth when groups are ideologically homogenous and hold sacred values that might be contradicted by empirical inquiry. Evidence suggests that these conditions might hold for modern social science; therefore, we conclude by exploring potential ideologically driven distortions in the social sciences.

中文翻译：

---

战争与和平中的部落主义：意识形态认识论的本质与演变及其对现代社会科学的意义

摘要 我们认为，由于群体间冲突和竞争的悠久历史，人类进化为部落生物。部落主义本质上并不坏，但它会导致意识形态思维和神圣价值观扭曲假定的客观信息的认知过程，以肯定和加强个人内部群体的观点和福祉（并提高自己在内部群体中的地位） . 由于这种群体间冲突的共同进化历史，自由主义者和保守主义者可能具有相同的潜在部落心理，这可能会导致意识形态扭曲的信息处理。在过去的几十年里，社会科学家们孜孜不倦地记录了政治右翼的各种部落和意识形态心理倾向，最近的工作记录了政治左派的类似趋势。我们认为，这些部落倾向和倾向会导致任何群体的意识形态扭曲信息处理。当群体在意识形态上同质并持有可能与经验探究相矛盾的神圣价值观时，这种意识形态认识论对于追求真理来说尤其成问题。有证据表明，这些条件可能适用于现代社会科学；因此，我们通过探索社会科学中潜在的意识形态驱动的扭曲来结束。当群体在意识形态上同质并持有可能与经验探究相矛盾的神圣价值观时，这种意识形态认识论对于追求真理来说尤其成问题。有证据表明，这些条件可能适用于现代社会科学；因此，我们通过探索社会科学中潜在的意识形态驱动的扭曲来结束。当群体在意识形态上同质并持有可能与经验探究相矛盾的神圣价值观时，这种意识形态认识论对于追求真理来说尤其成问题。有证据表明，这些条件可能适用于现代社会科学；因此，我们通过探索社会科学中潜在的意识形态驱动的扭曲来结束。