High throughput RNA sequencing techniques have revealed that a large fraction of the genome is transcribed into long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Unlike canonical protein-coding genes, lncRNAs do not contain long open reading frames (ORFs) and tend to be poorly conserved across species. However, many of them contain small ORFs (sORFs) that exhibit translation signatures according to ribosome profiling or proteomics data. These sORFs are a source of putative novel proteins; some of them may confer a selective advantage and be maintained over time, a process known as de novo gene birth. Here we review the mechanisms by which randomly occurring sORFs in lncRNAs can become new functional proteins.

中文翻译：

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较长的非编码RNA中来自翻译的sORF的新蛋白质的进化。

高通量RNA测序技术表明，基因组的很大一部分被转录为长的非编码RNA（lncRNA）。与经典的蛋白质编码基因不同，lncRNA不包含长开放阅读框（ORF），并且在物种间的保守性很差。但是，它们中的许多包含小的ORF（sORF），它们根据核糖体谱或蛋白质组学数据显示翻译特征。这些sORF是推定的新型蛋白质的来源。其中一些可能赋予选择优势，并随着时间的流逝而得以维持，这一过程称为从头基因诞生。在这里，我们回顾了lncRNA中随机出现的sORF成为新功能蛋白的机制。