Abstract Autumn-sown, non-bolting winter beets may show a faster canopy formation in spring. In order to estimate their yield potential, a dynamic model for winter beet was used to compare growth and yield of conventional, spring sown sugar beet (CB) with two non-bolting winter beet types at five representative sites across Germany. Non-bolting winter beets (WB) were parameterized according to available experimental data and hypothetical, whereas more frost-sensitive, non-bolting winter beets (WBfs) were assumed to show higher frost-induced leaf losses during winter. The simulation results (harvest years 1998–2010) revealed an earlier leaf area formation for both winter beet types compared to CB, resulting in an average potential yield benefit of 27 % for WB and 23 % for WBfs. However, at 2 out of 5 sites, frost completely killed the winter beets in at least one year. Simulated evapotranspiration of both winter beet types clearly exceeded that of CB. Winter beets showed an increased water use efficiency (WB: 3.8 g l−1; WBfs: 3.7 g l−1) compared to spring sown CB (3.4 g l−1), whereas the transpiration use efficiency was similar for all beet types. For the growth period of April till October, the ratio of potential to actual transpiration indicated a higher drought stress for the winter beet types. Our results reveal that growing non-bolting winter beets may enhance potential beet yields, but the increasing water demand and the risk of frost-killing have to be taken into account.

中文翻译：

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德国不抽薹冬甜菜的产量潜力

摘要 秋播、不抽薹冬甜菜可能在春季显示出更快的冠层形成。为了估计它们的产量潜力，使用冬季甜菜的动态模型比较了德国五个代表性地点的传统春播甜菜 (CB) 与两种非抽薹型冬季甜菜类型的生长和产量。根据可用的实验数据和假设对非抽薹冬甜菜 (WB) 进行参数化，而对霜冻更敏感的非抽薹甜菜 (WBfs) 被认为在冬季表现出更高的霜冻引起的叶片损失。模拟结果（收获年份 1998-2010）显示，与 CB 相比，两种冬季甜菜类型的叶面积形成较早，导致 WB 和 WBfs 的平均潜在产量收益分别为 27% 和 23%。但是，在 5 个站点中的 2 个站点中，霜冻在至少一年内完全杀死了冬季甜菜。两种冬季甜菜类型的模拟蒸散量明显超过了 CB。与春播 CB (3.4 gl-1) 相比，冬季甜菜的水分利用效率 (WB: 3.8 gl-1; WBfs: 3.7 gl-1) 增加，而所有甜菜类型的蒸腾利用效率相似。在4-10月的生长期，潜在蒸腾量与实际蒸腾量之比表明冬季甜菜类型的干旱胁迫程度较高。我们的研究结果表明，种植非抽薹冬甜菜可能会提高潜在的甜菜产量，但必须考虑不断增加的需水量和冻死风险。WBfs：3.7 gl-1) 与春播 CB (3.4 gl-1) 相比，而所有甜菜类型的蒸腾利用效率相似。在4-10月的生长期，潜在蒸腾量与实际蒸腾量之比表明冬季甜菜类型的干旱胁迫程度较高。我们的研究结果表明，种植非抽薹冬甜菜可能会提高潜在的甜菜产量，但必须考虑不断增加的需水量和冻死风险。WBfs：3.7 gl-1) 与春播 CB (3.4 gl-1) 相比，而所有甜菜类型的蒸腾利用效率相似。在4-10月的生长期，潜在蒸腾量与实际蒸腾量之比表明冬季甜菜类型的干旱胁迫程度较高。我们的研究结果表明，种植非抽薹冬甜菜可能会提高潜在的甜菜产量，但必须考虑不断增加的需水量和冻死风险。