The risks of illness associated with bathing in UK coastal waters have not been quantified since the early 1990s. Efforts have been made since then to improve the quality of bathing waters. The aim of this study was to quantify the prevalence of symptoms of illness associated with sea bathing in bathers in England and Wales. A cross-sectional study was conducted between June 2014 and April 2015. An online survey collected information from sea bathers and non-bathers on their visits to beaches in England and Wales along with the occurrence of symptoms of illness. 2631 people (1693 bathers, 938 non-bathers) responded to the survey. Compared to non-bathers, bathers were more likely to report skin ailments (adjusted prevalence odds ratio (AOR) = 2.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.23 to 5.65, p = 0.01), ear ailments (AOR = 3.77, 95% CI 1.84 to 7.73, p < 0.001), and any symptoms of illness (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI 2.63 to 5.29, p < 0.001). There was weak evidence of an increase in the odds of gastrointestinal illness (AOR = 1.59, 95% CI 0.96 to 2.65, p = 0.07), respiratory ailments (AOR = 2.44, 95% CI 0.92 to 6.48, p = 0.07) and eye ailments (AOR = 2.12, 95% CI 0.83 to 5.39, p = 0.11). While the study design does not allow inference of causality, we do observe an association between sea bathing in England and Wales and reported symptoms of ill health. This suggests that despite higher rates of compliance with water quality criteria among bathing waters nowadays, the odds of illness for bathers relative to non-bathers is similar in magnitude to estimates made in the 1990s.

中文翻译：

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与英格兰和威尔士的沿海游泳者相比，非游泳者患病率的横断面研究：海滩使用者健康调查的结果。

自1990年代初以来，尚未量化与在英国沿海水域中沐浴相关的疾病风险。从那时起，人们一直在努力提高沐浴水的质量。这项研究的目的是量化英格兰和威尔士沐浴者中与海水浴有关的疾病症状的患病率。在2014年6月至2015年4月之间进行了横断面研究。一项在线调查收集了海泳者和非海底生物对他们在英格兰和威尔士海滩的访问以及疾病症状的发生情况的信息。接受调查的人数为2631人（1693名沐浴者，938名非父亲）。与非父亲相比，沐浴者更容易报告皮肤疾病（调整后患病几率（AOR）= 2.64，95％置信区间（CI）1.23至5.65，p = 0.01），耳部疾病（AOR = 3.77，95％ CI 1.84至7.73，p <0.001），以及任何疾病症状（AOR = 3.73，95％CI 2.63至5.29，p <0.001）。没有证据表明胃肠道疾病（AOR = 1.59，95％CI 0.96 to 2.65，p = 0.07），呼吸系统疾病（AOR = 2.44，95％CI 0.92 to 6.48，p = 0.07）增加疾病（AOR = 2.12，95％CI 0.83至5.39，p = 0.11）。尽管研究设计不允许推断因果关系，但我们确实观察到英格兰和威尔士的海水浴与不良健康症状之间存在关联。这表明，尽管当今沐浴水中对水质标准的遵守率更高，但沐浴者相对于非沐浴者患病的几率与1990年代的估计值相近。没有证据表明胃肠道疾病（AOR = 1.59，95％CI 0.96 to 2.65，p = 0.07），呼吸系统疾病（AOR = 2.44，95％CI 0.92 to 6.48，p = 0.07）增加疾病（AOR = 2.12，95％CI 0.83至5.39，p = 0.11）。尽管研究设计不允许推断因果关系，但我们确实观察到英格兰和威尔士的海水浴与不良健康症状之间存在关联。这表明，尽管当今沐浴水中对水质标准的遵守率更高，但沐浴者相对于非沐浴者患病的几率与1990年代的估计值相近。没有证据表明胃肠道疾病（AOR = 1.59，95％CI 0.96 to 2.65，p = 0.07），呼吸系统疾病（AOR = 2.44，95％CI 0.92 to 6.48，p = 0.07）增加疾病（AOR = 2.12，95％CI 0.83至5.39，p = 0.11）。尽管研究设计不允许推断因果关系，但我们确实观察到英格兰和威尔士的海水浴与不良健康症状之间存在关联。这表明，尽管当今沐浴水中对水质标准的遵守率更高，但沐浴者相对于非沐浴者患病的几率与1990年代的估计值相近。11）。尽管研究设计不允许推断因果关系，但我们确实观察到英格兰和威尔士的海水浴与不良健康症状之间存在关联。这表明，尽管当今沐浴水中对水质标准的遵守率更高，但沐浴者相对于非沐浴者患病的几率与1990年代的估计值相近。11）。尽管研究设计不允许推断因果关系，但我们确实观察到英格兰和威尔士的海水浴与不良健康症状之间存在关联。这表明，尽管当今沐浴水中对水质标准的遵守率更高，但沐浴者相对于非沐浴者患病的几率与1990年代的估计值相近。