Advanced multifunctional devices increasingly rely on challenging complex shapes for their functions. 3D printing offers a solution but is often limited by the fabrication speed and/or material diversity. 4D printing based on digitally controlled 2D-to-3D transformation is advantageous in speed, but the accessible shapes are limited and integration of multiple materials is difficult. We report herein a concept that significantly extends the technological scope by combining 4D printing with modular assembly. Specifically, 4D photo-printed structures based on dynamically crosslinked polymers can be assembled in a modular fashion by interfacial bond exchange. Complex 3D objects with tailorable multiple materials can consequently be produced. This allows the fabrication of sophisticated shape-memory devices including a 3D Miura-patterned structure with zero Poisson's ratio and a Kresling-patterned cylindrical structure with superior mechanical stability. Our approach extends the possibilities for the future development of multifunctional devices with seamless integration of material, structure, and function.

先进的多功能设备越来越多地依靠具有挑战性的复杂形状来实现其功能。3D打印提供了一种解决方案，但通常受到制造速度和/或材料多样性的限制。基于数字控制的2D到3D转换的4D打印在速度方面具有优势，但是可访问的形状受到限制，并且多种材料的集成很困难。我们在此报告的概念通过将4D打印与模块化组装相结合，大大扩展了技术范围。具体地，可以通过界面键交换以模块化方式组装基于动态交联的聚合物的4D照片印刷的结构。因此，可以生成具有可定制的多种材料的复杂3D对象。这允许制造复杂的形状记忆器件，包括具有零泊松比的3D Miura图案结构和具有出色机械稳定性的Kresling图案圆柱结构。我们的方法通过材料，结构和功能的无缝集成，为多功能设备的未来开发扩展了可能性。