It have been significantly demonstrated that Hexokinase (HXK), Granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) and ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase) are three critical enzymes in the starch biosynthetic pathway and are related to starch (amylose, amylopectin and total starch) content in lotus. It is important to develop functional markers in marker-assisted selection of lotus breeding. So far there have been few reports about lotus functional markers. In this study, based on insertion-deletions (INDELs) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we developed three functional markers, FMHXK-E1, FMGBSS-I8 and FMAGPL-I1. FMHXK-E1 was developed based on polymorphisms of two haplotypes of NnHXK. 26 lotus cultivars that the 320-bp fragment presented in NnHXK had a lower content of amylose and a higher content of amylopectin. FMGBSS-I8 was developed based on polymorphisms of two haplotypes of NnGBSS. The group containing 32 lotus cultivars with the 210-bp fragment had less amylose content and more amylopectin content. FMAGPL-I1 was developed based on polymorphisms of two haplotypes of NnAGPL (ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase large subunit gene). The group containing 40 lotus cultivars with the 362-bp fragment had less amylopectin, total starch content and more amylose content. According to the study, FMHXK-E1, FMGBSS-I8 and FMAGPL-I1 are closely related to lotus starch content. It could be provided research basis for molecular assisted selection of lotus starch content improve breeding efficiency.

中文翻译：

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与莲花中淀粉含量有关的三种功能标记的开发和鉴定。

显着证明，己糖激酶（HXK），颗粒结合淀粉合酶（GBSS）和ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶（AGPase）是淀粉生物合成途径中的三个关键酶，并且与淀粉（直链淀粉，支链淀粉和总淀粉）含量有关在莲花。重要的是，在荷花育种的标记辅助选择中开发功能标记。到目前为止，关于莲花功能标记的报道很少。在这项研究中，基于插入缺失（INDEL）和单核苷酸多态性（SNP），我们开发了三种功能标记，即FMHXK-E1，FMGBSS-I8和FMAGPL-I1。FMHXK-E1是基于NnHXK的两个单倍型的多态性而开发的。NnHXK中存在的320 bp片段的26个莲花品种的直链淀粉含量较低，支链淀粉含量较高。FMGBSS-I8是基于NnGBSS的两个单倍型的多态性开发的。包含32个具有210 bp片段的莲花品种的组的直链淀粉含量较低，支链淀粉含量较高。基于两种单倍型NnAGPL（ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基基因）的多态性，开发了FMAGPL-I1。包含40个具有362 bp片段的莲花品种的组的支链淀粉含量较低，总淀粉含量较高，直链淀粉含量较高。根据研究，FMHXK-E1，FMGBSS-I8和FMAGPL-I1与莲花淀粉含量密切相关。可以为莲子淀粉含量的分子辅助选择提高育种效率提供研究依据。基于两个单倍型NnAGPL（ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基基因）的多态性，开发了FMAGPL-I1。包含40个具有362 bp片段的莲花品种的组的支链淀粉含量较低，总淀粉含量较高，直链淀粉含量较高。根据研究，FMHXK-E1，FMGBSS-I8和FMAGPL-I1与莲花淀粉含量密切相关。可以为莲子淀粉含量的分子辅助选择提高育种效率提供研究依据。基于两种单倍型NnAGPL（ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶大亚基基因）的多态性，开发了FMAGPL-I1。包含40个具有362 bp片段的莲花品种的组的支链淀粉含量较低，总淀粉含量较高，直链淀粉含量较高。根据研究，FMHXK-E1，FMGBSS-I8和FMAGPL-I1与莲花淀粉含量密切相关。可以为莲子淀粉含量的分子辅助选择提高育种效率提供研究依据。