Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections are among the most common complications arising in transplant patients, elevating the risk of various complications including loss of graft and death. HCMV infections are also responsible for more congenital infections worldwide than any other agent. Congenital HCMV (cCMV) infections are the leading nongenetic cause of sensorineural hearing loss and a source of significant neurological disabilities in children. While there is overlap in the clinical and laboratory approaches to diagnosis of HCMV infections in these settings, the management, follow-up, treatment, and diagnostic strategies differ considerably. As yet, no country has implemented a universal screening program for cCMV. Here, we summarize the issues, limitations, and application of diagnostic strategies for transplant recipients and congenital infection, including examples of screening programs for congenital HCMV that have been implemented at several centers in Japan, Italy, and the United States.

中文翻译：

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人类巨细胞病毒感染的临床诊断测试

人巨细胞病毒（HCMV）感染是移植患者中最常见的并发症之一，增加了包括移植物丢失和死亡在内的各种并发症的风险。HCMV感染还比其他任何媒介导致的全球先天性感染更为严重。先天性HCMV（cCMV）感染是感觉神经性听力丧失的主要非遗传原因，也是儿童严重神经功能障碍的来源。在这些情况下，尽管临床和实验室方法对HCMV感染的诊断存在重叠，但管理，随访，治疗和诊断策略却有很大差异。迄今为止，还没有国家实施针对cCMV的通用筛查计划。在这里，我们总结了问题，局限性，