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Can livestock exclusion affect understory plant community structure? An experimental study in the dry Chaco forest, Argentina
Forest Ecology and Management ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118014 Carolina B. Trigo , Pablo E. Villagra , Patricio Cowper Coles , Gustavo A. Marás , María S. Andrade-Díaz , Mauricio M. Núñez-Regueiro , Enrique J. Derlindati , Andrés Tálamo
Forest Ecology and Management ( IF 3.7 ) Pub Date : 2020-05-01 , DOI: 10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118014 Carolina B. Trigo , Pablo E. Villagra , Patricio Cowper Coles , Gustavo A. Marás , María S. Andrade-Díaz , Mauricio M. Núñez-Regueiro , Enrique J. Derlindati , Andrés Tálamo
Abstract Livestock grazing can be a problem for forest conservation because it can generate heterogeneous and unpredictable changes in plant communities. Understanding these changes is important for generating management strategies that are compatible with long-term conservation of threatened forests. Livestock exclusion is a useful experimental approach used to evaluate grazing effects. However, the evidence showing the effects of grazing on forests is mixed and little in know about the responses of different plant life forms, especially in dry forests. In this study, we evaluated the effects of a 7–8 year of livestock exclusion experiment on understory plant community structure in the dry Chaco forest (Argentina). We categorized understory plant life forms as shrubs, succulents (Cactaceae family + Bromelia hieronymi), and herbs (forbs, grasses and vines). Then, we compared the plant community structure (richness, diversity, density and cover) and understory structure (soil hardness, bare soil and vegetation vertical and horizontal structure) between five excluded plots and five grazed plots, in a paired design. We found that livestock exclusion lead to an increase in grass species richness and grass cover as well as an increase in lower understory biomass (0–0.5 m) and a decrease in percentage of bare soil. On excluded plots, dominant herbs were Setaria nicorae (grass), Trichloris crinita (grass), and Justicia squarrosa (forb). Grass species that were recorded exclusively on excluded plots were Gouinia latifolia, T. crinita, and Pappophorum mucronulatum, all forage species preferred by livestock. In contrast, on grazed plots, the dominant species was Stenandrium dulce (forb), a species with resistance strategies to grazing. As for the other variables, we did not find strong differences between excluded and grazed plots. Livestock grazing did not modify the ensemble structure of shrubs and succulents nor did it change the horizontal vegetation structure or soil hardness. Our evidence suggests that the assemblage composed by shrubs and succulents seems to be tolerant to livestock grazing, and that the grass assemblage has the ability to quickly recover when grazing stops. Finally, the effectiveness of exclusion as a management tool will depend on which attribute of the plant community to be conserved or recovered. In dry Chaco forests after many years of grazing at moderate stocking rates, livestock exclusion could help recover grass cover, generate opportunities for the establishment of certain grass species that are sensitive to grazing, and increase ground cover.
中文翻译:
家畜排斥会影响林下植物群落结构吗?在干燥的查科森林中进行的实验研究,阿根廷
摘要 放牧可能是森林保护的一个问题,因为它会在植物群落中产生异质和不可预测的变化。了解这些变化对于制定与受威胁森林的长期保护相适应的管理策略很重要。牲畜排除是一种有用的实验方法,用于评估放牧效果。然而,显示放牧对森林影响的证据是混合的,对不同植物生命形式的反应知之甚少,尤其是在干旱森林中。在这项研究中,我们评估了一项为期 7-8 年的牲畜排斥实验对干燥的查科森林(阿根廷)的林下植物群落结构的影响。我们将林下植物生命形式分类为灌木、多肉植物(仙人掌科 + Bromelia hieronymi)和草本植物(草本植物、草和藤蔓)。然后,我们在配对设计中比较了五个排除地块和五个放牧地块之间的植物群落结构(丰富度、多样性、密度和覆盖度)和林下结构(土壤硬度、裸土和植被垂直和水平结构)。我们发现牲畜排斥导致草物种丰富度和草覆盖率增加,以及下层林下生物量(0-0.5 m)增加和裸土百分比下降。在排除的地块上,优势草本植物是狗尾草(草)、三氯生草(草)和方角草(草)。仅在排除的地块上记录的草种是 Gouinia latifolia、T. crinita 和 Pappophorum mucronulatum,都是牲畜喜欢的草料种类。相比之下,在放牧地块上,优势种是 Stenandrium dulce (forb),一种对放牧具有抗性策略的物种。至于其他变量,我们没有发现排除地块和放牧地块之间存在很大差异。放牧没有改变灌木和多肉植物的群落结构,也没有改变水平植被结构或土壤硬度。我们的证据表明,由灌木和多肉植物组成的组合似乎对牲畜放牧具有耐受性,并且当放牧停止时,草组合具有快速恢复的能力。最后,排除作为管理工具的有效性将取决于要保护或恢复的植物群落的哪个属性。在以中等放养率放牧多年后,在干燥的查科森林中,排除牲畜可能有助于恢复草覆盖,
更新日期:2020-05-01
中文翻译:
家畜排斥会影响林下植物群落结构吗?在干燥的查科森林中进行的实验研究,阿根廷
摘要 放牧可能是森林保护的一个问题,因为它会在植物群落中产生异质和不可预测的变化。了解这些变化对于制定与受威胁森林的长期保护相适应的管理策略很重要。牲畜排除是一种有用的实验方法,用于评估放牧效果。然而,显示放牧对森林影响的证据是混合的,对不同植物生命形式的反应知之甚少,尤其是在干旱森林中。在这项研究中,我们评估了一项为期 7-8 年的牲畜排斥实验对干燥的查科森林(阿根廷)的林下植物群落结构的影响。我们将林下植物生命形式分类为灌木、多肉植物(仙人掌科 + Bromelia hieronymi)和草本植物(草本植物、草和藤蔓)。然后,我们在配对设计中比较了五个排除地块和五个放牧地块之间的植物群落结构(丰富度、多样性、密度和覆盖度)和林下结构(土壤硬度、裸土和植被垂直和水平结构)。我们发现牲畜排斥导致草物种丰富度和草覆盖率增加,以及下层林下生物量(0-0.5 m)增加和裸土百分比下降。在排除的地块上,优势草本植物是狗尾草(草)、三氯生草(草)和方角草(草)。仅在排除的地块上记录的草种是 Gouinia latifolia、T. crinita 和 Pappophorum mucronulatum,都是牲畜喜欢的草料种类。相比之下,在放牧地块上,优势种是 Stenandrium dulce (forb),一种对放牧具有抗性策略的物种。至于其他变量,我们没有发现排除地块和放牧地块之间存在很大差异。放牧没有改变灌木和多肉植物的群落结构,也没有改变水平植被结构或土壤硬度。我们的证据表明,由灌木和多肉植物组成的组合似乎对牲畜放牧具有耐受性,并且当放牧停止时,草组合具有快速恢复的能力。最后,排除作为管理工具的有效性将取决于要保护或恢复的植物群落的哪个属性。在以中等放养率放牧多年后,在干燥的查科森林中,排除牲畜可能有助于恢复草覆盖,