ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent the largest known group of efflux pumps, utilizing ATP to translocate a broad spectrum of substrates across lipid membranes, which play an important role in phase III of the detoxification process. The presence of ABC transporters and their potential association with insecticide resistance have not been investigated in Aphis gossypii, one of the most economically important agricultural pests worldwide. In this study, the ABC transporter inhibitor-verapamil significantly increased thiamethoxam toxicity against resistant cotton aphids, suggesting that ABCs are involved in thiamethoxam resistance. ABC transporter genes were identified using the A. gossypii genome database and transcriptome data. A total of 69 ABC transporters were identified and grouped into seven subfamilies (A-G), including 4 ABCAs, 5 ABCBs, 25 ABCCs, 2 ABCDs, 1 ABCE, 4 ABCFs and 30 ABCGs. Of these ABC transporters, 53 were predicted to be functional, 19 were full transporters, 30 were half-transporters and 4 had two NBDs. Subfamilies C and G accounted for 77% (32 and 45%, respectively) of the genes. The transcripts of 20 of 26 ABCs based on the transcriptome were upregulated, and ABCA1, ABCA2, ABCB1, ABCB4, ABCB8, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF3, ABCG7, ABCG15, ABCG17, ABCG24, ABCG27, ABCG30, MRP1, MRP7, MRP14 and MRP21 transcripts were significantly increased in the thiamethoxan resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain with qRT-PCR. The suppression of overexpressed ABCs (ABCA2, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCE1 and ABCG15) significantly increased the thiamethoxam sensitivity of resistant aphids. These results suggest that ABC transporters might be involved in thiamethoxam resistance in A. gossypii and will facilitate further work to validate the functional roles of these ABCs in thiamethoxam resistance. These results are useful for understanding the multiple resistance mechanisms of thiamethoxam and the management of insecticide-resistant cotton aphids.

中文翻译：

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多个 ATP 结合盒转运蛋白基因参与棉蚜的噻虫嗪抗性

ATP 结合盒 (ABC) 转运蛋白是已知最大的一组外排泵，利用 ATP 跨脂质膜转运广谱底物，在解毒过程的第三阶段发挥重要作用。ABC 转运蛋白的存在及其与杀虫剂抗性的潜在关联尚未在棉蚜中进行过研究，棉蚜是全球经济上最重要的农业害虫之一。在本研究中，ABC 转运蛋白抑制剂维拉帕米显着增加了噻虫嗪对耐药棉蚜的毒性，表明 ABCs 参与了噻虫嗪的耐药性。ABC 转运蛋白基因使用 A. gossypii 基因组数据库和转录组数据进行鉴定。共鉴定出 69 个 ABC 转运蛋白，并分为 7 个亚家族 (AG)，包括 4 个 ABCA，5 个 ABCB、25 个 ABCC、2 个 ABCD、1 个 ABCE、4 个 ABCF 和 30 个 ABCG。在这些 ABC 转运蛋白中，53 个被预测为功能性的，19 个是全转运蛋白，30 个是半转运蛋白，4 个有两个 NBD。亚家族 C 和 G 占基因的 77%（分别为 32% 和 45%）。基于转录组的 26 个 ABC 中的 20 个的转录本被上调，ABCA1、ABCA2、ABCB1、ABCB4、ABCB8、ABCD1、ABCD2、ABCE1、ABCF1、ABCF3、ABCG7、ABCG15、ABCG17、ABCG20、ABCG2RP、ABCG2RP、ABCG20 ，与使用 qRT-PCR 的易感菌株相比，噻虫嗪抗性菌株的 MRP14 和 MRP21 转录物显着增加。抑制过表达的 ABCs（ABCA2、ABCD1、ABCD2、ABCE1 和 ABCG15）显着增加了抗性蚜虫对噻虫嗪的敏感性。这些结果表明 ABC 转运蛋白可能与 A. gossypii 的噻虫嗪抗性有关，并将有助于进一步验证这些 ABC 在噻虫嗪抗性中的功能作用。这些结果有助于了解噻虫嗪的多重抗性机制和抗药性棉蚜的管理。