OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the anatomical, histological, and biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon. METHODS A comprehensive search on the relevant aspects of the Achilles tendon was performed through the main electronic databases up to October 2019. Data from relevant articles was gathered, analyzed, and included in this review. RESULTS This review outlines crucial topics on the anatomy, histology, and biomechanics of the Achilles tendon. The first part, focusing on clinically relevant anatomy, describes the tendon as well as its surrounding structures. Particular focus is made on anatomical divisions. The second part discusses histologic features, contrasting normal morphology with pathologic changes. The third part summarizes various biomechanical aspects of the Achilles tendon, especially those crucial to understanding the key functionality of the tendon. These components make up this review aimed to aggregate relevant information regarding the Achilles tendon to provide an up to date assessment of current knowledge, as well as visions for future directions of Achilles tendon research. CONCLUSIONS Comprehensive knowledge regarding the Achilles tendon is crucial whilst rates of injury continue to be relevant. A proper understanding of the anatomy, histology, and biomechanics is vital for clinical perception as well as establishing the direction of further research in new therapies.

中文翻译：

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人类跟腱的功能解剖，组织学和生物力学-全面综述。

目的本研究的目的是对跟腱的解剖学，组织学和生物力学方面进行全面概述。方法截止到2019年10月，通过主要的电子数据库对跟腱相关方面进行了全面搜索。收集，分析了相关文章的数据，并将其纳入本综述。结果本综述概述了跟腱的解剖学，组织学和生物力学方面的关键主题。第一部分着重于临床相关的解剖结构，描述了肌腱及其周围结构。特别着重于解剖学上的划分。第二部分讨论组织学特征，将正常形态与病理变化进行对比。第三部分总结了跟腱的各种生物力学方面，特别是对于理解肌腱关键功能至关重要的那些。这些内容构成了此次综述的目的，旨在汇总有关跟腱的相关信息，以提供对当前知识的最新评估以及对跟腱研究未来方向的愿景。结论关于跟腱的全面知识至关重要，而受伤率仍然很重要。对解剖学，组织学和生物力学的正确理解对于临床感知以及建立新疗法的进一步研究方向至关重要。以及跟腱研究的未来方向。结论关于跟腱的全面知识至关重要，而受伤率仍然很重要。对解剖学，组织学和生物力学的正确理解对于临床感知以及建立新疗法的进一步研究方向至关重要。以及跟腱研究的未来方向。结论关于跟腱的全面知识至关重要，而受伤率仍然很重要。对解剖学，组织学和生物力学的正确理解对于临床感知以及建立新疗法的进一步研究方向至关重要。