Local adaptation patterns have been found in many plants and animals, highlighting the genetic heterogeneity of species along their range of distribution. In the next decades, global warming is predicted to induce a change in the selective pressures that drive this adaptive variation, forcing a reshuffling of the underlying adaptive allele distributions. For species with low dispersion capacity and long generation time such as trees, the rapidity of the change could impede the migration of beneficial alleles and lower their capacity to track the changing environment. Identifying the main selective pressures driving the adaptive genetic variation is thus necessary when investigating species capacity to respond to global warming. In this study, we investigate the adaptive landscape of Fagus sylvatica along a gradient of populations in the French Alps. Using a double‐digest restriction‐site‐associated DNA (ddRAD) sequencing approach, we identified 7,000 SNPs from 570 individuals across 36 different sites. A redundancy analysis (RDA)‐derived method allowed us to identify several SNPs that were strongly associated with climatic gradients; moreover, we defined the primary selective gradients along the natural populations of F. sylvatica in the Alps. Strong effects of elevation and humidity, which contrast north‐western and south‐eastern site, were found and were believed to be important drivers of genetic adaptation. Finally, simulations of future genetic landscapes that used these findings allowed identifying populations at risk for F. sylvatica in the Alps, which could be helpful for future management plans.

中文翻译：

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Fagus sylvatica 的气候相关遗传变异和法国阿尔卑斯山对气候变化的潜在反应

在许多植物和动物中发现了局部适应模式，突出了物种沿其分布范围的遗传异质性。在接下来的几十年里，预计全球变暖会导致驱动这种适应性变异的选择压力发生变化，迫使潜在的适应性等位基因分布重新排列。对于树木等分散能力低、世代时间长的物种，变化的迅速可能会阻碍有益等位基因的迁移，并降低它们追踪环境变化的能力。因此，在调查物种应对全球变暖的能力时，确定驱动适应性遗传变异的主要选择压力是必要的。在这项研究中，我们沿着法国阿尔卑斯山的人口梯度调查了山毛榉的适应性景观。使用双酶切限制性位点相关 DNA (ddRAD) 测序方法，我们从 36 个不同位点的 570 个个体中鉴定了 7,000 个 SNP。冗余分析 (RDA) 衍生方法使我们能够识别与气候梯度密切相关的几个 SNP；此外，我们还定义了阿尔卑斯山 F. sylvatica 自然种群的主要选择性梯度。发现海拔和湿度的强烈影响，与西北和东南地区形成鲜明对比，被认为是遗传适应的重要驱动因素。最后，使用这些发现对未来的遗传景观进行模拟，可以确定阿尔卑斯山中存在 F. sylvatica 风险的种群，