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Challenges for Sustainable Development of Waste to Energy in Developing Countries
Waste Management & Research ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-13 , DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20903564 Mi Yan , Agamuthu P , Joko Waluyo
Waste Management & Research ( IF 3.9 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-13 , DOI: 10.1177/0734242x20903564 Mi Yan , Agamuthu P , Joko Waluyo
The global average generation rate of municipal solid waste (MSW) estimated by the World Bank Group was 0.74 kilograms per capita per day in 2016, and that around 2.01 billion tons of MSW were totally produced. It is projected that the global production of MSW will increase by 1.5% annually and it will reach 3.0 billion tons in 2030. Developing countries produced an average of 0.54 kg of waste per capita per day and that rate is projected to increase by around 1.1% per year, and it will reach 0.63 kg of waste per capita per day in 2030 (Kaza et al., 2018). Steady increase in MSW generation is driven by population growth, increasing Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (with associated consumption of consumer products), and urbanization. Countries with higher GDP generally generate a higher amount of waste (Agamuthu et al., 2020). Globally, about 37% of MSW is disposed of in landfills (8% sanitary landfill, 4% controlled landfill and 25% unspecified) and 33% of waste is still openly dumped. About 19% of materials were recovered by recycling and composting and another 11% was combusted in modern incinerators (Kaza et al., 2018). Waste disposal practices vary by income level. Over two-thirds of MSW are deposited in open dumps in developing countries. Such dumping practices threaten an extremely negative impact on public health and the environment. Developing countries can start by decreasing the volume of waste requiring disposal on land by implementing measures to reduce waste generation at the source, sorting and separately collecting wastes to enhance recycling, and converting waste to clean energy (WtE). Developing countries must stay focused on the risks and lifecycle costs of landfills and seek methods for sustainable waste management to replace current practices. Waste incineration with steam turbines and effective air pollution control systems is a technology for converting waste into clean energy, but experience shows that WtE plants are more often than not a poor economic choice for most developing countries, at least due to the high capital and operating costs (typically beyond the ability of local and national governments to finance). We probably want to avoid establishing unreasonable expectations for waste management planners in developing countries by suggesting they can go from open dumping to modern WtE in one giant step. WtE development can extend the life of landfills and reduce the dedication of land needed for land disposal. The typical range of net electric generation is around 500 to 600 kWh per ton (of waste used as fuel) in developed economies and 300 to 400 kWh per ton in developing economies, as the quality and calorific value of MSW are different in different places. The calorific value of MSW in developing economies is low due to the high content of food waste, high moisture content and lack of MSW sorting systems. Considering the present experience of waste management and waste-to-energy development in the world (WMW, 2019), several key challenges must be overcome to achieve sustainable development of WtE in developing countries.
更新日期：2020-02-13
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