Stem cell behavior is tightly regulated by spatiotemporal signaling from the niche, which is a four-dimensional microenvironment that can instruct stem cells to remain quiescent, self-renew, proliferate, or differentiate. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the signaling cues provided by the stem cell niche in two contrasting adult tissues, the rapidly cycling intestinal epithelium and the slowly renewing skeletal muscle. Drawing comparisons between these two systems, we discuss the effects of niche-derived growth factors and signaling molecules, metabolic cues, the extracellular matrix and biomechanical cues, and immune signals on stem cells. We also discuss the influence of the niche in defining stem cell identity and function in both normal and pathophysiologic states.

中文翻译：

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从肠到臀：利基信号在成体干细胞的维持和更新中的关键作用。

干细胞的行为受到来自利基的时空信号的严格调控，这是一个二维的微环境，可以指示干细胞保持静止，自我更新，增殖或分化。在这篇综述中，我们讨论了了解干细胞小生境在两个相反的成人组织，快速循环的肠道上皮和缓慢更新的骨骼肌中提供的信号提示的最新进展。通过对这两个系统进行比较，我们讨论了利基来源的生长因子和信号分子，代谢线索，细胞外基质和生物力学线索以及免疫信号对干细胞的影响。我们还讨论了利基在正常和病理生理状态下定义干细胞身份和功能方面的影响。