Context: The kidney plays a central role in detoxification and excretion of toxic metabolites, and therefore, is susceptible to toxicity by xenobiotics.Objective: To investigate the protective effect of Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) powder and its essential (volatile) oil against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced renal injury in rats.Materials and methods: Phenolic and flavonoid components were characterised in rosemary powder using HPLC-UV instrument while rosemary essential oil (E.O) was investigated via GC-MS technique. In rat model, rosemary was administrated orally (in diet) for two months. Lipid profile, antioxidant biomarkers, kidney functions and histopathological examinations were assessed.Results: Hesperidin (4878.88 ppm) and ellagic acid (403.57 ppm) are among the major phenolic and flavonoid constituents in rosemary powder. Camphor (18.36%) and α-pinene (12.74%) represent the main E.O active ingredients. Rats treated with rosemary E.O showed a significant elevation in serum HDL (28.28%) accompanied by a decrease in LDL (115.47%). A significant decrease in serum creatinine and urea was also reported (69.72 and 109.89%, respectively). Moreover, serum glutathione peroxidise (GSH-Px) activity has been significantly increased. Kidney histopathological examinations confirmed the protective effect against DEN-induced abnormalities.Conclusion: Rosemary (powder/E.O) was able to reduce or even prevent the severity of diethylnitrosamine-induced renal dysfunction.

中文翻译：

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迷迭香（Rosmarinus officinalis）对二乙基亚硝胺诱导的大鼠肾损伤的保护作用。

背景：肾脏在有毒代谢产物的排毒和排泄中起着核心作用，因此易受异源生物的毒性作用。材料和方法：使用HPLC-UV仪器对迷迭香粉中的酚和类黄酮成分进行表征，并通过GC-MS技术研究迷迭香精油（EO）。在大鼠模型中，口服迷迭香（饮食）两个月。结果：橙皮苷（4878.88 ppm）和鞣花酸（403.57 ppm）是迷迭香粉中酚类和类黄酮的主要成分。脂质体，抗氧化剂生物标志物，肾脏功能和组织病理学检查均得到评估。樟脑（18.36％）和α-pine烯（12.74％）是主要的EO活性成分。迷迭香EO处理的大鼠血清HDL显着升高（28.28％），而LDL降低（115.47％）。血清肌酐和尿素也有明显下降（分别为69.72％和109.89％）。此外，血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物（GSH-Px）活性已大大提高。肾脏组织病理学检查证实了对DEN引起的异常的保护作用。结论：迷迭香（粉末/ EO）能够减轻甚至预防二乙基亚硝胺引起的肾功能不全的严重程度。血清肌酐和尿素也有明显下降（分别为69.72％和109.89％）。此外，血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物（GSH-Px）活性已大大提高。肾脏组织病理学检查证实了对DEN引起的异常的保护作用。结论：迷迭香（粉末/ EO）能够减轻甚至预防二乙基亚硝胺引起的肾功能不全的严重程度。血清肌酐和尿素也有明显下降（分别为69.72％和109.89％）。此外，血清谷胱甘肽过氧化物（GSH-Px）活性已大大提高。肾脏组织病理学检查证实了对DEN引起的异常的保护作用。结论：迷迭香（粉末/ EO）能够减轻甚至预防二乙基亚硝胺引起的肾功能不全的严重程度。