We report on the source of > 300 MeV ${>}\,300~\mbox{MeV}$ protons during the SOL2014-09-01 sustained gamma-ray emission (SGRE) event based on multi-wavelength data from a wide array of space- and ground-based instruments. Based on the eruption geometry we provide concrete explanation for the spatially and temporally extended γ $\gamma $ -ray emission from the eruption. We show that the associated flux rope is of low inclination (roughly oriented in the east–west direction), which enables the associated shock to extend to the frontside. We compare the centroid of the SGRE source with the location of the flux rope’s leg to infer that the high-energy protons must be precipitating between the flux rope leg and the shock front. The durations of the SOL2014-09-01 SGRE event and the type II radio burst agree with the linear relationship between these parameters obtained for other SGRE events with duration ≥ 3 hrs $\geq 3~\mbox{hrs}$ . The fluence spectrum of the SEP event is very hard, indicating the presence of high-energy (GeV) particles in this event. This is further confirmed by the presence of an energetic coronal mass ejection with a speed > 2000 km s − 1 ${>}\,2000~\mbox{km}\,\mbox{s}^{-1}$ , similar to those in ground level enhancement (GLE) events. The type II radio burst had emission components from metric to kilometric wavelengths as in events associated with GLE events. All these factors indicate that the high-energy particles from the shock were in sufficient numbers needed for the production of γ $\gamma $ -rays via neutral pion decay.

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2014 年 9 月 1 日持续伽马射线发射事件中高能质子的来源

我们基于来自宽阵列的多波长数据报告了 SOL2014-09-01 持续伽马射线发射 (SGRE) 事件期间 > 300 MeV ${>}\,300~\mbox{M​​eV}$ 质子的来源天基和地面仪器。基于喷发几何，我们对喷发在空间和时间上扩展的 γ$\gamma$ 射线发射提供了具体的解释。我们表明相关的磁通绳具有低倾斜度（大致在东西方向），这使得相关的激波能够延伸到前侧。我们将 SGRE 源的质心与通量绳腿的位置进行比较，以推断高能质子必须在通量绳腿和激波前沿之间沉淀。SOL2014-09-01 SGRE 事件和 II 型射电暴的持续时间与持续时间≥ 3 小时的其他 SGRE 事件获得的这些参数之间的线性关系一致 $\geq 3~\mbox{hrs}$ 。SEP 事件的注量谱非常困难，表明该事件中存在高能 (GeV) 粒子。速度 > 2000 km s − 1 ${>}\,2000~\mbox{km}\,\mbox{s}^{-1}$ 的高能日冕物质抛射的存在进一步证实了这一点，类似到那些参加地面增强 (GLE) 活动的人。在与 GLE 事件相关的事件中，II 型射电爆发具有从公制到千米波长的发射分量。所有这些因素表明，冲击波产生的高能粒子数量足够通过中性介子衰变产生 γ$\gamma$ 射线。