Pathogen surveillance in free-ranging carnivores presents challenges due to their low densitie and secretive nature. We combined molecular and serological assays to investigate infections by viral pathogens (Canine parvovirus (CPV), Canine distemper virus (CDV) and Canine coronavirus (CCoV)) in Portuguese carnivores (Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Lutra lutra, Martes foina, M. martes, Meles meles, and Genetta genetta) over a period of 16 years. Additionally we explored spatio-temporal patterns of virus occurrence in Canis lupus. Our study identified CPV DNA in all carnivore species with an overall prevalence of 91.9 %. CPV was detected in all sampled years and seasons in Canis lupus, supporting its enzootic nature. CDV RNA was mainly detected in the Canidae family, with viral nucleic acid recorded between 2005 and 2008 with a peak prevalence of 67 % among the wolf population, followed by a sharp decline, suggesting an epizootic behaviour of the virus. Antibodies show that mustelids and viverrids were often exposed to CDV. CCoV was first recorded by molecular methods in wolf samples in 2002, remaining in the wolf populations with marked fluctuations over time. The dual serological and molecular approach provided important epidemiological data on pathogens of wild carnivores in Portugal. These programmes should also include monitoring of other potential reservoir hosts such as domestic cats and dogs.

中文翻译：

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使用补充方法学方法在葡萄牙北部自由放养的食肉动物中发现病毒病原体感染的模式。

自由放养的食肉动物的病原体监测由于其低密度和分泌性而提出了挑战。我们结合了分子和血清学检测方法来调查葡萄牙食肉动物（犬红斑狼疮，狐猴，狐猴，Lutra lutra，Martes foina，M。）中病毒病原体（犬细小病毒（CPV），犬瘟热病毒（CDV）和犬冠状病毒（CCoV））的感染情况。貂，梅莱斯·梅尔斯和吉内塔·吉内塔）在16年的时间内。此外，我们探索了犬狼疮病毒的时空分布。我们的研究确定了所有食肉动物物种中的CPV DNA，总患病率为91.9％。在犬狼疮的所有采样年份和季节中都检测到了CPV，这证明了其动物共生性。CDV RNA主要在Canidae家族中检测到，在2005年至2008年之间记录了病毒核酸，在狼群中患病率最高，为67％，随后急剧下降，表明该病毒具有流行性。抗体表明，芥末和维弗里德常暴露于CDV中。CCoV最早是在2002年通过分子方法在狼样本中记录的，残留在狼种群中并随时间出现明显波动。双重血清学和分子方法为葡萄牙野生肉食动物的病原体提供了重要的流行病学数据。这些计划还应包括监测其他潜在的水库宿主，例如家猫和狗。CCoV最早是在2002年通过分子方法在狼样本中记录的，残留在狼种群中并随时间出现明显波动。双重血清学和分子方法为葡萄牙野生肉食动物的病原体提供了重要的流行病学数据。这些计划还应包括监测其他潜在的水库宿主，例如家猫和狗。CCoV最早是在2002年通过分子方法在狼样本中记录的，残留在狼种群中并随时间出现明显波动。双重血清学和分子方法为葡萄牙野生肉食动物的病原体提供了重要的流行病学数据。这些计划还应包括监测其他潜在的水库宿主，例如家猫和狗。