Calorie restriction (CR) is the most potent, non-pharmacological intervention to support metabolic health. The effects of calorie restriction exceed weight loss. Consistent throughout many studies, calorie restriction induces a reduction in energy expenditure that is larger than the loss of metabolic mass, i.e. fat-free mass and fat mass, can explain. Per prevailing theories of mammalian aging, this disproportionate reduction in metabolic rate, defined as metabolic adaptation, reduces oxidative damage and thereby delays age-associated declines in physiological function. The aim of this narrative review is to investigate the origins of CR-induced metabolic adaptation. From a physiological standpoint this likely relates to the composition of body weight loss, reductions in insulin secretion, thyroid and leptin concentrations, and increased mitochondrial energy efficiency. Behavioral factors including physical activity and eating behaviors likely also play a role, specifically to prevent weight regain. Future studies are required to understand the interindividual differences in the response to CR, e.g. by sex, physical activity, or mitochondrial capacity, and to assess the long-term implications of CR for weight regain.

中文翻译：

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热量限制对人体能量代谢的影响。

卡路里限制 (CR) 是支持代谢健康的最有效的非药物干预措施。限制卡路里的效果超过了减肥。在许多研究中一致，热量限制导致能量消耗的减少大于代谢量的损失，即无脂肪量和脂肪量，可以解释。根据哺乳动物衰老的流行理论，代谢率的这种不成比例的降低（定义为代谢适应）减少了氧化损伤，从而延缓了与年龄相关的生理功能下降。这篇叙述性综述的目的是调查 CR 诱导的代谢适应的起源。从生理的角度来看，这可能与体重减轻、胰岛素分泌减少、甲状腺和瘦素浓度的组成有关，并提高线粒体能量效率。包括身体活动和饮食行为在内的行为因素也可能发挥作用，特别是防止体重反弹。未来的研究需要了解对 CR 反应的个体间差异，例如性别、身体活动或线粒体容量，并评估 CR 对体重反弹的长期影响。