BACKGROUND The etiologic agent of tularemia, Francisella tularensis, is transmitted to humans via ingestion of contaminated water or food, arthropods bite, respiratory aerosols, or direct contact with infected animals body fluids or tissues. In the current study, due to the importance of water in transmitting the disease and the report of the disease in different regions of Iran, surface water of Kurdistan province were evaluated for the presence of F.tularensis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sampling was carried out in five-counties of Kurdistan province. Sixty-six specimens of surface water were collected. The detection was carried out by targeting ISFtu2 and fopA genes using TaqMan real-time PCR. Moreover, the samples were both cultured and inoculated into NMRI inbreed mice. Spleens of inoculated mice and bacterial isolates were tested by TaqMan real-time PCR. RESULTS Despite the lack of isolation of F. tularensis, the results of the molecular testing indicate the presence of bacteria in surface water. Molecular positivity of one sample (1.51%) was confirmed using a real-time PCR for both ISFtu2 and fopA genes. Moreover, 4.54% of the samples were positive for ISFtu2. CONCLUSION Since the in vitro isolation of bacteria from environmental samples is associated with a very low success rate and depends on various environmental parameters, the use of molecular techniques for monitoring of the bacteria in the contaminated areas is fully recommended.

中文翻译：

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图兰弗朗西斯菌在伊朗西部库尔德斯坦省地表水中的监测。

背景技术图拉菌血症的病原体，弗朗西斯拉图拉菌，通过摄入被污染的水或食物，节肢动物叮咬，呼吸气溶胶或直接接触被感染动物的体液或组织而传播给人类。在当前的研究中，由于水在传播疾病中的重要性以及该疾病在伊朗不同地区的报道，因此对库尔德斯坦省的地表水中是否存在杜鹃花进行了评估。材料与方法在库尔德斯坦省的五个县进行了抽样。收集了66个地表水样本。通过使用TaqMan实时PCR靶向ISFtu2和fopA基因进行检测。此外，将样品培养并接种到NMRI近交小鼠中。通过TaqMan实时PCR检测接种小鼠的脾脏和细菌分离株。结果尽管缺乏对F. tularensis的分离，但分子检测结果表明地表水中存在细菌。对于ISFtu2和fopA基因，使用实时PCR证实了一个样品的分子阳性（1.51％）。此外，有4.54％的样品ISFtu2呈阳性。结论由于从环境样品中体外分离细菌的成功率非常低，并且取决于各种环境参数，因此完全建议使用分子技术来监测污染区域中的细菌。对于ISFtu2和fopA基因，使用实时PCR证实了一个样品的分子阳性（1.51％）。此外，有4.54％的样品ISFtu2呈阳性。结论由于从环境样品中体外分离细菌的成功率非常低，并且取决于各种环境参数，因此完全建议使用分子技术来监测污染区域中的细菌。对于ISFtu2和fopA基因，使用实时PCR证实了一个样品的分子阳性（1.51％）。此外，有4.54％的样品ISFtu2呈阳性。结论由于从环境样品中体外分离细菌的成功率非常低，并且取决于各种环境参数，因此完全建议使用分子技术来监测污染区域中的细菌。