Pine trees are used as biomonitoring agents to evaluate atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Due to industrialization, urban construction, and rapid population growth, the city of Bursa is experiencing air pollution. In this study, PAHs were measured in pine tree branches and needles at a wastewater treatment plant site, an industrial site, and semirural site in Bursa for 12 months. The concentrations fluctuated depending on the characteristics of the areas. The lowest concentration value was measured in the semirural site while the highest value was determined in the wastewater treatment plant site. The PAH concentrations in pine needles ranged from 24 to 2565 ng/g dry weight (DW) and in pine branches from 163 to 2871 ng/g DW for 16 PAHs. Naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene were determined as dominant species in both tree components. Diagnostic ratios, ring profile, principal component analysis, the coefficient of divergence, and the Pearson correlation coefficient methods were used in the definition of sources of PAHs in the sampling sites, although all source identification methods have advantages and disadvantages. According to the results, the PAHs mainly originated from biomass and coal burning, traffic, and mixed sources. It also was concluded that three sampling sites showed higher PAH concentrations during winter, and the main PAH sources were similar.

中文翻译：

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使用土耳其布尔萨三个不同地点的松树成分对多环芳烃（PAH）进行生物监测和来源识别。

松树用作生物监测剂，以评估大气中的多环芳烃（PAH）。由于工业化，城市建设和人口的快速增长，布尔萨市正在遭受空气污染。在这项研究中，在布尔萨的废水处理厂站点，工业站点和半农村站点中，对松树树枝和针头中的PAHs进行了12个月的测量。浓度根据区域的特征而波动。在半农村地区测得的最低浓度值，在废水处理厂所在地测得的最高值。松针中的PAH浓度范围为24至2565 ng / g干重（DW），而松枝中的PAH浓度为16至2871 ng / g干重（DW）。萘，菲，芴，并确定荧蒽和荧蒽是这两种树种的优势种。尽管所有来源识别方法都有其优点和缺点，但诊断率，环剖面，主成分分析，发散系数和Pearson相关系数方法已用于定义采样点中PAHs的来源。根据结果​​，PAHs主要来自生物质和煤炭燃烧，交通和混合来源。还得出结论，三个采样点在冬季表现出较高的PAH浓度，并且主要的PAH来源相似。尽管所有源识别方法都有优点和缺点。根据结果​​，PAHs主要来自生物质和煤炭燃烧，交通和混合来源。还得出结论，三个采样点在冬季显示较高的PAH浓度，并且主要的PAH来源相似。尽管所有源识别方法都有优点和缺点。根据结果​​，PAHs主要来自生物质和煤炭燃烧，交通和混合来源。还得出结论，三个采样点在冬季表现出较高的PAH浓度，并且主要的PAH来源相似。