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The placenta-brain-axis.
Journal of Neuroscience Research ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-27 , DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24603
Cheryl S Rosenfeld 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Affiliation  

All mammalian species depend on the placenta, a transient organ, for exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste between the mother and conceptus. Besides serving as a conduit for such exchanges, the placenta produces hormones and other factors that influence maternal physiology and fetal development. To meet all of these adaptations, the placenta has evolved to become the most structurally diverse organ within all mammalian taxa. However, commonalities exist as to how placental responses promote survival against in utero threats and can alter the trajectory of fetal development, in particular the brain. Increasing evidence suggests that reactions of the placenta to various in utero stressors may lead to long‐standing health outcomes, otherwise considered developmental origin of health and disease effects. Besides transferring nutrients and gases, the placenta produces neurotransmitters, including serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine/epinephrine, that may circulate and influence brain development. Neurobehavioral disorders, such as autism spectrum disorders, likely trace their origins back to placental disturbances. This intimate relationship between the placenta and brain has led to coinage of the term, the placenta‐brain‐axis. This axis will be the focus herein, including how conceptus sex might influence it, and technologies employed to parse out the effects of placental‐specific transcript expression changes on later neurobehavioral disorders. Ultimately, the placenta might provide a historical record of in utero threats the fetus confronted and a roadmap to understand how placenta responses to such encounters impacts the placental‐brain‐axis. Improved early diagnostic and preventative approaches may thereby be designed to mitigate such placental disruptions.

中文翻译:

胎盘-脑轴。

所有哺乳动物物种都依赖胎盘,这是一种短暂的器官,用于在母体和孕体之间交换气体、营养物质和废物。除了作为这种交换的管道外,胎盘还会产生激素和其他影响母体生理和胎儿发育的因素。为了满足所有这些适应性,胎盘已经进化成为所有哺乳动物类群中结构最多样化的器官。然而,关于胎盘反应如何促进生存以抵抗子宫内威胁并可以改变胎儿发育的轨迹,尤其是大脑,存在共同点。越来越多的证据表明胎盘对子宫内的各种反应压力源可能导致长期的健康结果,否则被认为是健康和疾病影响的发展起源。除了输送营养和气体外,胎盘还会产生神经递质,包括血清素、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素/肾上腺素,它们可能会循环并影响大脑发育。神经行为障碍,例如自闭症谱系障碍,很可能将其起源追溯到胎盘障碍。胎盘和大脑之间的这种密切关系导致了术语“胎盘-脑轴”的出现。该轴将是本文的重点,包括概念性别如何影响它,以及用于解析胎盘特异性转录物表达变化对后来神经行为障碍的影响的技术。最终,胎盘可能提供历史记录胎儿在子宫内面临的威胁以及了解胎盘对此类遭遇的反应如何影响胎盘-脑轴的路线图。因此可以设计改进的早期诊断和预防方法来减轻这种胎盘破坏。
更新日期:2020-02-27
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